Distant Quasars Help Set Limits On Space-Time Quantum Foam

NASA Telescopes Set Limits on Space-time Quantum Foam

The artist’s illustration depicts how the foamy structure of space-time may appear, showing tiny bubbles quadrillions of times smaller than the nucleus of an atom that are constantly fluctuating and last for only infinitesimal fractions of a second. Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/FIT/E. Perlman; Illustration: CXC/M. Weiss

New X-ray and gamma-ray observations of distant quasars are being used to help scientists set limits on the quantum nature of space-time on extremely tiny scales.

A team of scientists has used X-ray and gamma-ray observations of some of the most distant objects in the Universe to better understand the nature of space and time. Their results set limits on the quantum nature, or “foaminess” of space-time at extremely tiny scales.

This study combines data from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory and Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope along with ground-based gamma-ray observations from the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array (VERITAS).

At the smallest scales of distance and duration that we can measure, space-time – that is, the three dimensions of space plus time – appears to be smooth and structureless. However, certain aspects of quantum mechanics, the highly successful theory scientists have developed to explain the physics of atoms and subatomic particles, predict that space-time would not be smooth. Rather, it would have a foamy, jittery nature and would consist of many small, ever-changing, regions for which space and time are no longer definite, but fluctuate.

“One way to think of space-time foam is if you are flying over the ocean in the airplane, it looks completely smooth. However, if you get low enough you see the waves, and closer still, foam, with tiny bubbles that are constantly fluctuating” said lead author Eric Perlman of the Florida Institute of Technology in Melbourne. “Even stranger, the bubbles are so tiny that even on atomic scales we’re trying to observe them from a very high-flying airplane.”


A Tour of Space-time Foam. Since space-time foam, as it is called, is so tiny, scientists cannot observe it directly.

The predicted scale of space-time foam is about ten times a billionth of the diameter of a hydrogen atom’s nucleus, so it cannot be detected directly. However, If space-time does have a foamy structure there are limitations on the accuracy with which distances can be measured because the size of the many quantum bubbles through which light travels will fluctuate. Depending on what model of space-time is used, these distance uncertainties should accumulate at different rates as light travels over the large cosmic distances.

The researchers used observations of X-rays and gamma-rays from very distant quasars – luminous sources produced by matter falling towards supermassive black holes – to test models of space-time foam. The authors predicted that the accumulation of distance uncertainties for light traveling across billions of light years would cause the image quality to degrade so much that the objects would become undetectable. The wavelength where the image disappears should depend on the model of space-time foam used.

Chandra’s X-ray detection of quasars at distances of billions of light years rules out one model, according to which photons diffuse randomly through space-time foam in a manner similar to light diffusing through fog. Detections of distant quasars at shorter, gamma-ray wavelengths with Fermi and even shorter wavelengths with VERITAS demonstrate that a second, so-called holographic model with less diffusion does not work.

“We find that our data can rule out two different models for space-time foam,” said co-author Jack Ng of the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill. “We can conclude that spacetime is less foamy than some models predict.”

The X-ray and gamma-ray data show that space-time is smooth down to distances 1000 times smaller than the nucleus of a hydrogen atom.

These results appear in the May 20th issue of The Astrophysical Journal.

NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, manages the Chandra program for the agency’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts, controls Chandra’s science and flight operations.

NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope is an astrophysics and particle physics partnership managed by the agency’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. It was developed in collaboration with the U.S. Department of Energy, with contributions from academic institutions and partners in France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden, and the United States.

VERITAS is operated by a collaboration of more than 100 scientists from 22 different institutions in the United States, Ireland, England, and Canada. VERITAS is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Smithsonian Institution, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Science Foundation Ireland, and the STFC of the U.K.

Reference: “New Constraints on Quantum Gravity from X-ray and Gamma-Ray Observations” by E. S. Perlman, S. A. Rappaport, W. A. Christiansen, Y. J. Ng, J. DeVore and D. Pooley, 13 May 2015, The Astrophysical Journal.
DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/805/1/10
arXiv: 1411.7262

3 Comments on "Distant Quasars Help Set Limits On Space-Time Quantum Foam"

  1. Jim Ossmes ( Jim ) Oss | May 28, 2015 at 9:34 am | Reply

    The very though of quantum ‘foam’ gives me the jitters.

  2. Madanagopal.V.C. | June 15, 2015 at 3:24 am | Reply

    The track of the new particle in Atom smasher, is sometimes jittery thereby indicating existence of matter and energy as alternating for a few femto-seconds. If we don’t want to conceive it as matter transforming into energy and vice-versa for the few femto-seconds that new sub atomic particle is existing, we can as well think it as space-time frame where time goes into a wavy foam with space. Time in a very small interval is not continuous with the space. Thank you.

  3. Jack H Haley lll | January 18, 2016 at 11:10 pm | Reply

    I believe everyone is missing the point. Have you not learned anything from history? Einstein piqued our interests currently in thinking outside the box and we are privileged to live at a time when minds are open as apposed to say Galileo’s time. If you think on a higher scale you will notice a progression of material insight about our world around us. From fire to forging bronze to developing nano bots. However, our current views about light, gravity and space dimension (Dark matter, Dark energy) is I presume a lot like Aristotle or Newton coming to conclusions after a bout of experiments and proclaiming “We Have The Final Results”. The true nature of the Universe is simply beyond our understanding in the larger scheme of things, we will never figure out every process currently observable to us much less hypothetical processes, remember when we thought there was an ether? The possibilities are beyond our scope! I’m not a pessimist but smashing coo coo clocks from the top of the Empire State Building and then trying to backward engineer the technologically is somewhat archaic is it not?

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