Arctic Sea Ice Thinning Up to Twice As Fast as Expected

Polarstern Drifting in Arctic Sea Ice

The research vessel Polarstern drifting in Arctic sea ice. Credit: Alfred-Wegener-Institut

Sea ice in the coastal regions of the Arctic may be thinning up to twice as fast as previously thought, according to a new modeling study led by University College London (UCL) researchers.

Sea ice thickness is inferred by measuring the height of the ice above the water, and this measurement is distorted by snow weighing the ice floe down. Scientists adjust for this using a map of snow depth in the Arctic that is decades out of date and does not account for climate change.

In the new study, published in the journal The Cryosphere, researchers swapped this map for the results of a new computer model designed to estimate snow depth as it varies year to year, and concluded that sea ice in key coastal regions was thinning at a rate that was 70% to 100% faster than previously thought.

Robbie Mallett (UCL Earth Sciences), the PhD student who led the study, said: “The thickness of sea ice is a sensitive indicator of the health of the Arctic. It is important as thicker ice acts as an insulating blanket, stopping the ocean from warming up the atmosphere in winter, and protecting the ocean from the sunshine in summer. Thinner ice is also less likely to survive during the Arctic summer melt.”

3D Picture of Floe

3D picture of the floe based on highly resolved aerial imagery from the helicopter nadir camera. Credit: Alfred-Wegener-Institut / Niels Fuchs

“Previous calculations of sea ice thickness are based on a snow map last updated 20 years ago. Because sea ice has begun forming later and later in the year, the snow on top has less time to accumulate. Our calculations account for this declining snow depth for the first time, and suggest the sea ice is thinning faster than we thought.”

Co-author Professor Julienne Stroeve (UCL Earth Sciences) said: “There are a number of uncertainties in measuring sea ice thickness but we believe our new calculations are a major step forward in terms of more accurately interpreting the data we have from satellites.

“We hope this work can be used to better assess the performance of climate models that forecast the effects of long-term climate change in the Arctic – a region that is warming at three times the global rate, and whose millions of square kilometers of ice are essential for keeping the planet cool.”

To calculate sea ice thickness researchers used radar from the European Space Agency’s CryoSat-2 satellite. By timing how long it takes for radar waves to bounce back from the ice, they can calculate the height of the ice above the water, from which they can infer the ice’s total thickness.

Polar Bears Close to Research Vessel Polarstern

Polar bears close to the research vessel Polarstern. Credit: Alfred-Wegener-Institut

In the new study, researchers used a novel snow model previously developed by researchers at UCL and Colorado State University, SnowModel-LG, which calculates snow depth and density using inputs such as air temperature, snowfall, and ice motion data to track how much snow accumulates on sea ice as it moves around the Arctic Ocean. By combining the results of the snow model with satellite radar observations, they then estimated the overall rate of decline of sea ice thickness in the Arctic, as well as the variability of sea ice thickness from year to year.

They found that the rate of decline in the three coastal seas of Laptev, Kara, and Chukchi seas increased by 70%, 98%, and 110% respectively, when compared to earlier calculations. They also found that, across all seven coastal seas, the variability in sea ice thickness from year to year increased by 58%.

Sea ice in the coastal seas typically varies from half a meter to two meters thick. Increasingly, the ice in this region is not surviving the summer melt. The faster thinning of sea ice in the coastal Arctic seas has implications for human activity in the region, both in terms of shipping along the Northern Sea Route for a larger part of the year, as well as the extraction of resources from the sea floor such as oil, gas and minerals.

Mallett said: “More ships following the route around Siberia would reduce the fuel and carbon emissions necessary to move goods around the world, particularly between China and Europe. However, it also raises the risk of fuel spillages in the Arctic, the consequences of which could be dire. The thinning of coastal sea ice is also worrying for indigenous communities, as it leaves settlements on the coast increasingly exposed to strong weather and wave action from the emerging ocean.”

Mallett, Professor Stroeve and co-author Dr Michel Tsamados (UCL Earth Sciences) spent several weeks investigating snow and ice in the Arctic onboard the German research vessel Polarstern, which explored the central Arctic Ocean in 2019 and 2020.

Reference: “Faster decline and higher variability in the sea ice thickness of the marginal Arctic seas when accounting for dynamic snow cover” by Robbie D. C. Mallett, Julienne C. Stroeve, Michel Tsamados, Jack C. Landy, Rosemary Willatt, Vishnu Nandan and Glen E. Liston, 4 June 2021, The Cryosphere.
DOI: 10.5194/tc-15-2429-2021

The study was funded by the UK’s Natural Environment Research Council, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

2 Comments on "Arctic Sea Ice Thinning Up to Twice As Fast as Expected"

  1. “Sea ice in the coastal regions of the Arctic MAY be thinning up to twice as fast as previously thought.” So typical of all the gloom & doom articles. Never definitive – always MAY or COULD.

  2. explain better | June 5, 2021 at 10:48 am | Reply

    I really would like to see a robust reliable study in this subject, if these models are as accurate as the climate change ones then they are no better than common sense.
    If you want to know the depth you have to go there and drill, radar data might be the next best thing but ice goes deep underwater and is a less accurate measurement

    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Iceberg_in_the_Arctic_with_its_underside_exposed.jpg

    Maybe they account for this in the models, I don’t know.
    And how are they comparing ice thickness?

    “They found that the rate of decline in the three coastal seas of Laptev, Kara, and Chukchi seas increased by 70%, 98%, and 110% respectively, when compared to earlier calculations. They also found that, across all seven coastal seas, the variability in sea ice thickness from year to year increased by 58%.”

    What calculations? Comparing previous models or using old data on the new model and comparing from a earlier period? What and how long is period? This makes a huge difference… And who wrote this fails to explain the most important thing.

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