Astronomers Uncover New Details About the Remarkable Seven Rocky Planets of TRAPPIST-1

Seven Rocky Planets of TRAPPIST 1

Measuring the mass and diameter of a planet reveals its density, which can give scientists clues about its composition. Scientists now know the density of the seven TRAPPIST-1 planets with a higher precision than any other planets in the universe, other than those in our own solar system. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Precise measurements reveal that the exoplanets of the system discovered by ULiège researchers have remarkably similar densities, which provides new clues about their compositions.

A new international study led by astrophysicist Eric Agol from the University of Washington and involving many scientists from ULiège (Astrobiology and STAR Institute) has measured the densities of the seven planets of the exoplanetary system TRAPPIST-1 with extreme precision, the values obtained indicating very similar compositions for all the planets. This fact makes the system even more remarkable and helps to better understand the nature of these fascinating worlds. This study has just been published in the Planetary Science Journal.

The TRAPPIST-1 system is home to the largest number of planets similar in size to our Earth ever found outside our solar system. Discovered in 2016 by a research team led by Michaël Gillon, astrophysicist and FNRS Senior Research Associate (Astrobiology / Faculty of Sciences) at ULiège, the system offers an insight into the immense variety of planetary systems that probably populate the Universe.

Since their detection, scientists have studied these seven planets using multiple space (NASA’s Kepler and Spitzer telescopes) and ground-based telescopes (TRAPPIST and SPECULOOS in particular). The Spitzer telescope alone, managed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, provided more than 1,000 hours of targeted observations of the system before being decommissioned in January 2020.

TRAPPIST-1 Exoplanet Interiors

Three possible interiors of the TRAPPIST-1 exoplanets. All seven planets have very similar densities, so they likely have similar compositions. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Hours of observations that enabled to refine the information we have on the exoplanetary system. “Since we can’t see the planets directly, we analyze in detail the variations of the apparent brightness of their star as they ‘transit’ it, i.e. as they pass in front of it,” explains Michaël Gillon.” Previous studies had already enabled astronomers to take precise measurements of the masses and diameters of the planets, which led to the determination that they were similar in size and mass to our Earth and that their compositions must have been essentially rocky.

“Our new study has greatly improved the precision of the densities of the planets, the measurements obtained indicating very similar compositions for these seven worlds,” says Elsa Ducrot, a doctoral student in Michaël Gillon’s team. “This could mean that they contain roughly the same proportion of materials that make up most rocky planets, such as iron, oxygen, magnesium and silicon, which make up our planet. “After correcting for their different masses, the researchers were able to estimate that they all have a density of around 8% less than the Earth’s, a fact that could have an impact on their compositions.

A different recipe

The authors of the study put forward three hypotheses to explain this difference in density with our planet. The first involves a composition similar to that of the Earth, but with a lower percentage of iron (about 21% compared to the 32% of the Earth). Since most of the iron in the Earth’s composition is found in the Earth’s core, this iron depletion of the TRAPPIST-1 planets could therefore indicate cores with lower relative masses.

The second hypothesis implies oxygen-enriched compositions compared to that of our planet. By reacting with iron, oxygen would form iron oxide, better known as ‘rust’. The surface of Mars gets its red color from iron oxide, but like its three terrestrial sisters (Earth, Mercury, and Venus), it has a core of unoxidized iron. However, if the lower density of the TRAPPIST-1 planets was entirely due to oxidized iron, then the planets would be ‘rusted to the heart’ and may not have a real core, unlike the Earth. According to Eric Agol, an astrophysicist at the University of Washington and lead author of the new study, the answer could be a combination of both scenarios — less iron in general and some oxidized iron.

TRAPPIST-1 Solar System Comparison

A planet’s density is determined by its composition as well as its size: Gravity compresses the material a planet is made of, increasing the planet’s density. Uncompressed density adjusts for the effect of gravity and can reveal how the composition of various planets compare. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

The third hypothesis put forward by the researchers is that the planets are enriched with water compared to the Earth. This hypothesis would agree with independent theoretical results indicating a formation of the TRAPPIST-1 planets further away from their star, in a cold, ice-rich environment, followed by internal migration. If this explanation is correct, then water could account for about 5% of the total mass of the four outer planets.

In comparison, water accounts for less than one-tenth of 1% of the total mass of the Earth. The three inner planets in TRAPPIST-1, located too close to their stars for water to remain liquid under most circumstances, would need hot, dense atmospheres like on Venus, where water could remain bound to the planet in the form of vapor. But according to Eric Agol, this explanation seems less likely because it would be a coincidence that all seven planets have just enough water present to have such similar densities.

“The night sky is full of planets, and it is only within the last 30 years that we have been able to begin to unravel their mysteries,” rejoices Caroline Dorn, astrophysicist at the University of Zurich and co-author of the article. “The TRAPPIST-1 system is fascinating because around this unique star we can learn about the diversity of rocky planets within a single system. And we can also learn more about a planet by studying its neighbors, so this system is perfect for that.

For more on this discovery, read The 7 Rocky Earth-Size TRAPPIST-1 Planets Have Remarkably Similar Densities.

Reference: “Refining the Transit-timing and Photometric Analysis of TRAPPIST-1: Masses, Radii, Densities, Dynamics, and Ephemerides” by Eric Agol, Caroline Dorn, Simon L. Grimm, Martin Turbet, Elsa Ducrot, Laetitia Delrez, Michaël Gillon, Brice-Olivier Demory, Artem Burdanov, Khalid Barkaoui, Zouhair Benkhaldoun, Emeline Bolmont, Adam Burgasser, Sean Carey, Julien de Wit, Daniel Fabrycky, Daniel Foreman-Mackey, Jonas Haldemann, David M. Hernandez, James Ingalls, Emmanuel Jehin, Zachary Langford, Jérémy Leconte, Susan M. Lederer, Rodrigo Luger, Renu Malhotra, Victoria S. Meadows, Brett M. Morris, Francisco J. Pozuelos, Didier Queloz, Sean N. Raymond, Franck Selsis, Marko Sestovic, Amaury H. M. J. Triaud and Valerie Van Grootel, 22 January 2021, Planetary Science Journal.
DOI: 10.3847/PSJ/abd022

3 Comments on "Astronomers Uncover New Details About the Remarkable Seven Rocky Planets of TRAPPIST-1"

  1. And if NASA ever gets done soaking a couple billion dollars on Webb, we might get some conformation of this. just sayin’…..

    • Torbjörn Larsson | January 31, 2021 at 3:09 am | Reply

      ? I’m not sure what you mean but it’s the Webb telescope they want to use for confirmation. From the abstract: ” We forecast JWST timing observations and speculate on possible implications of the planet densities for the formation, migration, and evolution of the planet system.”

      And the projected launch date for JWST is currently 31 October 2021. [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope ]

  2. sounds promising, when are we leaving?

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