Bacteria Can Remove Plastic Pollution From Lakes – “Stimulating the Whole Food Web”

A freshwater lake in Norway, one of 29 European lakes that were part of the study. Credit: Samuel Woodman

Scientists discovered that some naturally-occurring lake bacteria grow faster and more efficiently on the remains of plastic bags than on natural matter like leaves and twigs. Their study included 29 European lakes.

The carbon compounds in plastic are broken down by bacteria and used as food for their growth.

Enriching waters with particular species of bacteria could be a natural way to remove plastic pollution from the environment according to the researchers.

The effect is quite apparent: when plastic pollution raised the overall carbon level in lake water by just 4% the rate of bacterial growth more than doubled.

According to the findings, the plastic pollution in lakes is likely ‘priming’ the bacteria for rapid growth – the bacteria are not only breaking down the plastic but are then more able to break down other natural carbon compounds in the lake.

Lake bacteria were found to prefer plastic-derived carbon compounds over natural ones. The scientists believe this is because the carbon compounds from plastics are easier for the bacteria to break down and use as food.

This does not condone ongoing plastic pollution, the researchers caution. This is because some of the compounds within plastics can have toxic effects on the environment, particularly at high concentrations.

The findings are published today (July 26, 2022) in the journal Nature Communications.

A freshwater lake in Norway, one of the 29 European lakes analyzed as part of the study. Credit: Andrew Tanentzap

“It’s almost like the plastic pollution is getting the bacteria’s appetite going. The bacteria use the plastic as food first, because it’s easy to break down, and then they’re more able to break down some of the more difficult food – the natural organic matter in the lake,” said Dr. Andrew Tanentzap in the University of Cambridge’s Department of Plant Sciences, senior author of the paper.

He added: “This suggests that plastic pollution is stimulating the whole food web in lakes, because more bacteria means more food for the bigger organisms like ducks and fish.”

The effect varied depending on the diversity of bacterial species present in the lake water – lakes with more different species were better at breaking down plastic pollution.

A study published by the authors last year found that European lakes are potential hotspots of microplastic pollution.

Eleanor Sheridan from the University of Cambridge’s Department of Plant Sciences, first author of the study who undertook the work as part of a final-year undergraduate project. Credit: Samuel Woodman

When plastics break down they release simple carbon compounds. The researchers found that these are chemically distinct to the carbon compounds released as organic matter like leaves and twigs break down.

The carbon compounds from plastics were shown to be derived from additives unique to plastic products, including adhesives and softeners.

The new study also found that bacteria removed more plastic pollution in lakes that had fewer unique natural carbon compounds. This is because the bacteria in the lake water had fewer other food sources.

The results will help to prioritize lakes where pollution control is most urgent. If a lake has a lot of plastic pollution, but low bacterial diversity and a lot of different natural organic compounds, then its ecosystem will be more vulnerable to damage.

“Unfortunately, plastics will pollute our environment for decades. On the positive side, our study helps to identify microbes that could be harnessed to help break down plastic waste and better manage environmental pollution,” said Professor David Aldridge in the University of Cambridge’s Department of Zoology, who was involved in the study.

The study involved sampling 29 lakes across Scandinavia between August and September 2019. To assess a range of conditions, these lakes differed in latitude, depth, area, average surface temperature, and diversity of dissolved carbon-based molecules.

The scientists cut up plastic bags from four major UK shopping chains, and shook these in water until their carbon compounds were released.

At each lake, glass bottles were filled with lake water. A small amount of the ‘plastic water’ was added to half of these, to represent the amount of carbon leached from plastics into the environment, and the same amount of distilled water was added to the others. After 72 hours in the dark, bacterial activity was measured in each of the bottles.

The study measured bacterial growth — by increase in mass, and the efficiency of bacterial growth — by the amount of carbon dioxide released in the process of growing.

In the water with plastic-derived carbon compounds, the bacteria had doubled in mass very efficiently. Around 50% of this carbon was incorporated into the bacteria in 72 hours.

“Our study shows that when carrier bags enter lakes and rivers they can have dramatic and unexpected impacts on the entire ecosystem. Hopefully, our results will encourage people to be even more careful about how they dispose of plastic waste,” said Eleanor Sheridan in the University of Cambridge’s Department of Plant Sciences, first author of the study who undertook the work as part of a final-year undergraduate project.

Reference: “Plastic pollution fosters more microbial growth in lakes than natural organic matter” 26 July 2022, Nature Communications.
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31691-9