Boom of Vegetation, Fueled by Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Absorbs Carbon and Cools Our Planet

Cool Green Planet

Humans are helping to increase the Earth’s plant and tree cover, which absorbs carbon from the atmosphere and cools our planet. However, the boom of vegetation, fueled by greenhouse gas emissions, could be skewing our perception of how fast we’re warming the planet.

As Our Planet Gets Greener, Plants Are Slowing Global Warming

But an international team of researchers, including Ranga Myneni and Chi Chen from BU, say that finding reveals a daunting outlook for our changing climate.

Chi Chen, a Boston University graduate researcher, and Ranga Myneni, a BU College of Arts & Sciences professor of earth and environment, are authors on a new paper that reveals how humans are helping to increase the Earth’s plant and tree cover, which absorbs carbon from the atmosphere and cools our planet. The boom of vegetation, fueled by greenhouse gas emissions, could be skewing our perception of how fast we’re warming the planet.

Taking a closer look at 250 scientific studies, land-monitoring satellite data, climate, and environmental models, and field observations, a team of Boston University researchers and international collaborators have illuminated several causes and consequences of a global increase in vegetation growth, an effect called greening.

“It is ironic that the very same carbon emissions responsible for harmful changes to climate are also fertilizing plant growth, which in turn is somewhat moderating global warming.” — Dr. Jarle Bjerke

In a new study, published in Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, the researchers report that climate-altering carbon emissions and intensive land use have inadvertently greened half of the Earth’s vegetated lands. And while that sounds like it may be a good thing, this phenomenal rate of greening, together with global warming, sea-level rise, and sea-ice decline, represents highly credible evidence that human industry and activity are dramatically impacting the Earth’s climate, say the study’s first authors, Shilong Piao and Xuhui Wang of Peking University.

Green leaves convert sunlight to sugars while replacing carbon dioxide in the air with water vapor, which cools the Earth’s surface. The reasons for greening vary around the world, but often involve intensive use of land for farming, large-scale planting of trees, a warmer and wetter climate in northern regions, natural reforestation of abandoned lands, and recovery from past disturbances.

And the chief cause of global greening we’re experiencing? It seems to be that rising carbon dioxide emissions are providing more and more fertilizer for plants, the researchers say. As a result, the boom of global greening since the early 1980s may have slowed the rate of global warming, the researchers say, possibly by as much as 0.2 to 0.25 degrees Celsius.

“It is ironic that the very same carbon emissions responsible for harmful changes to the climate are also fertilizing plant growth, which in turn is somewhat moderating global warming,” says study coauthor Dr. Jarle Bjerke of the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research.

Boston University researchers previously discovered that, based on near-daily NASA and NOAA satellite imaging observations since the early 1980s, vast expanses of the Earth’s vegetated lands from the Arctic to the temperate latitudes have gotten markedly greener.

“Notably, the NASA [satellite data] observed pronounced greening during the 21st century in the world’s most populous and still-developing countries, China and India,” says Ranga Myneni, the new study’s senior author.

Even regions far, far removed from human reach have not escaped the global warming and greening trends. “Svalbard in the high-arctic, for example, has seen a 30 percent increase in greenness [in addition to] an increase in [summer temperatures] from 2.9 to 4.7 degrees Celcius (5.2 to 8.5 degrees Fahrenheit) between 1986 and 2015,” says study coauthor Rama Nemani of NASA’s Ames Research Center.

Over the last 40 years, carbon emissions from fossil fuel use and tropical deforestation have added 160 parts per million (ppm), a unit of measure for air pollutants, of CO2 to Earth’s atmosphere. About 40 ppm of that has diffused passively into the oceans and another 50 ppm has been actively taken up by plants, the researchers say. But 70 ppm remains in the atmosphere, and together with other greenhouse gases, is responsible for the land warming patterns that have been observed since the 1980s.

“Plants are actively defending against the dangers of carbon pollution by not only sequestering carbon on land but also by wetting the atmosphere through transpiration of ground water and evaporation of precipitation intercepted by their bodies,” says study coauthor Philippe Ciais, of the Laboratory of Climate and Environmental Sciences, Gif-sur-Yvette, France. “Stopping deforestation and sustainable, ecologically sensible afforestation could be one of the simplest and cost-effective, though not sufficient, defenses against climate change,” he adds.

It is not easy to accurately estimate the cooling benefit from global greening because of the complex interconnected nature of the climate system, the researchers say. “This unintended benefit of global greening, and its potential transitory nature, suggests how much more daunting, and urgent, is the stated goal of keeping global warming to below 1.5 to 2 degrees Celsius, especially given the trajectory of carbon emissions and history of inaction during the past decades,” says study coauthor Hans Tømmervik of the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Norway.

Reference: “Shilong Piao, Xuhui Wang, Taejin Park, Chi Chen, Xu Lian, Yue He, Jarle W. Bjerke, Anping Chen, Philippe Ciais, Hans Tømmervik, Ramakrishna R. Nemani and Ranga B. Myneni, 9 December 2019, Nature Reviews Earth & Environment.
DOI: 10.1038/s43017-019-0001-x

3 Comments on "Boom of Vegetation, Fueled by Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Absorbs Carbon and Cools Our Planet"

  1. victor Friedlander | February 1, 2020 at 3:34 am | Reply

    RE: “Green leaves convert sunlight to sugars while replacing carbon dioxide in the air with water vapor, which cools the Earth’s surface.”

    Higher humidity increases the heat retained in the atmosphere.
    “Water vapour is the most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, both by weight and by volume (1), (2). Water vapour is an effective greenhouse gas, as it does absorb longwave radiation and radiates it back to the surface, thus contributing to warming.”
    climatechangeconnection.org › science › what-about-water-vapour Apr 27, 2016

    higher humidity has particular significance for those of us that cool our bodies down through excreting liquids For example. for we humans, the relatively modest level of the relative humidity of 70% at 90F is dangerous and at 96F+ is extremely dangerous

    • > Water Vapor Cools AND Warms the Climate System? When water evaporates
      > from the surface of the Earth, it cools the surface. This keeps the
      > surface from getting too hot. But because that water vapor is also
      > the atmosphere’s primary greenhouse gas, water vapor acts to keep the
      > Earth’s surface warmer than it would otherwise be.
      >
      > So which effect is stronger, water vapor’s cooling effect or warming effect?
      > Interestingly, it is seldom mentioned in the global warming debate that the
      > surface cooling effect of evaporation (which creates water vapor) is stronger
      > than its greenhouse warming effect.

  2. One factor not mentioned is that the greening of the Arctic means less albedo cooling effect, reflectivity of ice and snow.

    Ken G said “surface cooling effect of evaporation (which creates water vapor) is stronger> than its greenhouse warming effect.”

    Please show where the science says that. Water vapor does most of the warming that keeps the planet from being a snowball in space. On the other hand, water vapor can never be the cause of global warming, because of its very short resident time in the atmosphere, of 2-10 days, versus CO2 resident time of hundreds of years.
    ————-
    Atmospheric CO2: Principal Control Knob Governing Earth’s Temperature
    Andrew A. Lacis*, Gavin A. Schmidt, David Rind, Reto A. Ruedy

    Abstract

    “Ample physical evidence shows that carbon dioxide (CO2) is the single most important climate-relevant greenhouse gas in Earth’s atmosphere. This is because CO2, like ozone, N2O, CH4, and chlorofluorocarbons, does not condense and precipitate from the atmosphere at current climate temperatures, whereas water vapor can and does. Noncondensing greenhouse gases, which account for 25% of the total terrestrial greenhouse effect, thus serve to provide the stable temperature structure that sustains the current levels of atmospheric water vapor and clouds via feedback processes that account for the remaining 75% of the greenhouse effect. Without the radiative forcing supplied by CO2 and the other non-condensing greenhouse gases, the terrestrial greenhouse would collapse, plunging the global climate into an icebound Earth state.”

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