This image shows a standard prediction for the dark matter distribution within about 1 million light-years of the Milky Way galaxy, which is expected to be swarming with thousands of small dark matter clumps called `halos’. The scale of this image is such that the disk of the Milky Way would reside within the white region at the center. Until now, there was no observational evidence that dark matter actually clumps this way, raising concerns that our understanding of the cosmos was flawed in a fundamental way. Observations of the ultra-faint galaxy Segue 2 (zoomed image) have revealed that it must reside within such a tiny dark matter halo, providing possibly the first observational evidence that dark matter is as clumpy as long predicted. Credit: Garrison-Kimmel, Bullock (UCI)
Using the Keck Observatory telescopes, researchers were able to measure Segue 2. The findings suggest that it is the least massive galaxy and one of the faintest galaxies known, with a light output just 900 times that of the Sun.
Kamuela, Hawaii — The least massive galaxy in the known universe has been measured by UC Irvine scientists, clocking in at just 1,000 or so stars with a bit of dark matter holding them together.
The findings, made with the W. M. Keck Observatory and published in The Astrophysical Journal, offer tantalizing clues about how iron, carbon and other elements key to human life originally formed. But the size and weight of Segue 2, as the star body is called, are its most extraordinary aspects.
“Finding a galaxy as tiny as Segue 2 is like discovering an elephant smaller than a mouse,” said UC Irvine cosmologist James Bullock, co-author of the paper. Astronomers have been searching for years for this type of dwarf galaxy, long predicted to be swarming around the Milky Way. Their inability to find any, he said, “has been a major puzzle, suggesting that perhaps our theoretical understanding of structure formation in the universe was flawed in a serious way.”
Segue 2’s presence as a satellite of our home galaxy could be “a tip-of-the-iceberg observation, with perhaps thousands more very low-mass systems orbiting just beyond our ability to detect them,” he added.
“It’s definitely a galaxy, not a star cluster,” said postdoctoral scholar and lead author Evan Kirby. He explained that the stars are held together by a globule called a dark matter halo. Without this acting as galactic glue, the star body wouldn’t qualify as a galaxy.
Segue 2, discovered in 2009 as part of the massive Sloan Digital Sky Survey, is one of the faintest known galaxies, with light output just 900 times that of the sun. That’s miniscule compared to the Milky Way, which shines 20 billion times brighter. But despite its tiny size, researchers using different tools originally thought Segue 2 was far denser.
“Keck Observatory operates the only telescopes in the world powerful enough to have made this observation,” Kirby said of the twin, ten-meter telescopes housed on the summit of Mauna Kea in Hawaii. He determined the upper weight range of 25 of the major stars in the galaxy and found that it weighs at least 10 times less than previously estimated.
Fellow authors are Michael Boylan-Kolchin and Manoj Kaplinghat of UC Irvine, Judith Cohen of the California Institute of Technology, and Marla Geha of Yale University. Funding was provided by the Southern California Center for Galaxy Evolution (a multicampus research program of the University of California) and by the National Science Foundation.
The W. M. Keck Observatory operates the largest, most scientifically productive telescopes on Earth. The two, 10-meter optical/infrared telescopes on the summit of Mauna Kea on the Island of Hawaii feature a suite of advanced instruments including imagers, multi-object spectrographs, high-resolution spectrographs, integral-field spectroscopy, and a world-leading laser guide star adaptive optics system. The Observatory is a private 501(c) 3 non-profit organization and a scientific partnership of the California Institute of Technology, the University of California and NASA.
Reference: ” Segue 2: The Least Massive Galaxy” by Evan N. Kirby, Michael Boylan-Kolchin, Judith G. Cohen, Marla Geha, James S. Bullock and Manoj Kaplinghat, 20 May 2013, The Astrophysical Journal.
DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/770/1/16
arXiv:1304.6080
Excellent! the all powerful Dark Matter clumps holds just 1000 odd stars to form a galaxy. I had been telling in my articles that Dark Matter can be found inside at the center of galaxy. For Milky Way you can look at constellation Scorpio’s cruve for it. But near the sun it is not found. It is a great adhesive for galaxies as a whole. The fact that Dark Matter floats as clumps in a galaxy is interesting. Who is braking the Dark Matter? Thank You.