Mars is shaking. Credit: NASA / JPL – Caltech
Fifteen months after the successful landing of the NASA InSight mission on Mars, first scientific analyses of ETH Zurich researchers and their partners reveal that the planet is seismically active. The recorded data enables a better understanding of the interior of Mars, the primary goal of the InSight mission.
On November 26, 2018, the NASA InSight lander successfully set down on Mars in the Elysium Planitia region. Seventy Martian days later, the mission’s seismometer SEIS began recording the planet’s vibrations. A team of researchers and engineers at ETH Zurich, led by ETH Professor Domenico Giardini, had delivered the SEIS control electronics and is responsible for the Marsquake Service. The latter is in charge of the daily interpretation of the data transmitted from Mars, in collaboration with the Swiss Seismological Service at ETH Zurich. Now, the journal Nature Geoscience published a series of articles on the results of the mission in the first months of operation on Mars.
As reported in these articles, InSight recorded 174 events until the end of September 2019. Since then, the measurements have continued leading to more than 450 observed marsquakes as of today, which have not yet been analyzed in detail. This accounts for one event a day on average.
The data allows researchers to observe how seismic waves travel through the planet and unveil its internal characteristics – similar to how x-rays are used in medical tomography. Before InSight landed, researchers had developed a wide range of possible models to represent the internal structure of the red planet. The recorded marsquakes, already after a few months, enable refining the understanding of the structure of the planet and reducing the uncertainties.
Interpreting marsquake data is challenging
Marsquakes are similar to the seismic events we see on Earth, although they are generally of smaller magnitudes. The 174 registered marsquakes can be categorized into two families: One includes 24 low-frequency events with magnitudes between 3 and 4, as documented in the papers, with waves propagating through the Martian mantle. A second family of marsquakes comprises 150 events with smaller magnitudes, shallower hypocentral depth and high-frequency waves trapped in the Martian crust.
“Marsquakes have characteristics already observed on the Moon during the Apollo era, with a long signal duration (10 to 20 minutes) due to the scattering properties of the Martian crust,” explains ETH Professor Giardini. In general, however, he says, interpreting marsquake data is very challenging, and in most cases, it is only possible to identify the distance but not the direction from which the waves are arriving.
InSight landed on a thin, sandy layer
InSight opens a new era for planetary seismology. The SEIS performance exceeded so far expectations, considering the harsh conditions on Mars, characterized by temperatures ranging from minus 80 to 0 degrees Celsius (-112 to 32 degrees Fahrenheit) every day and by strong wind oscillations. Indeed wind shakes the InSight lander and its instrumentation during the day leading to a high level of ambient noise. However, at sunset, the winds calm down allowing the recording of the quietest seismic data ever collected in the solar system. As a result, most seismic events detected on Mars by SEIS occurred in the quiet night hours. The challenging environment also requires carefully distinguishing between seismic events and signals originating from movements of the lander, other instruments, or atmospheric-induced perturbances.
The hammering by the HP3 instrument (another InSight experiment) and the close passage of whirlwinds (dust devils), recorded by SEIS, allow to map the physical properties of the shallow soil layers just below the station. We now know that SEIS landed on a thin, sandy layer reaching a few meters deep, in the middle of a 20-meter-wide (66-foot-wide) ancient impact crater. At greater depths, the Martian crust has properties comparable to Earth’s crystalline massifs but appears to be more fractured. The propagation of the seismic waves suggests that the upper mantle has a stronger attenuation compared to the lower mantle.
Seismic activity also induced by tectonic stress
InSight landed in a rather quiet region of Mars, as no events near the station have been recorded up to now. The three biggest events were located in the Cerberus Fossae region about 1,500 km (900 mi) away. It is a tectonic graben system, caused by the weight of the Elysium Mons, the biggest volcano in the Elysium Planitia area. This provides strong evidence that seismic activity on Mars is not only a consequence of the cooling and therewith the shrinking of the planet but also induced by tectonic stress. The total seismic energy released on Mars lies between the one of Earth and of the Moon.
Credit: ETH Zurich
SEIS, complementary to other InSight measurements, also meaningfully contributed data to better understand the meteorological processes on Mars. The instrument’s sensitivity to both wind and atmospheric pressure allowed identifying meteorological phenomena characteristic of Mars, including the many dust devils that pass by the spacecraft every afternoon.
Read Mars InSight Lander Yields a Year of Surprising Discoveries Above and Below the Surface of the Red Planet for more on these Mars InSight discoveries.
References:
“Initial results from the InSight mission on Mars” by W. Bruce Banerdt, Suzanne E. Smrekar, Don Banfield, Domenico Giardini, Matthew Golombek, Catherine L. Johnson, Philippe Lognonné, Aymeric Spiga, Tilman Spohn, Clément Perrin, Simon C. Stähler, Daniele Antonangeli, Sami Asmar, Caroline Beghein, Neil Bowles, Ebru Bozdag, Peter Chi, Ulrich Christensen, John Clinton, Gareth S. Collins, Ingrid Daubar, Véronique Dehant, Mélanie Drilleau, Matthew Fillingim, William Folkner, Raphaël F. Garcia, Jim Garvin, John Grant, Matthias Grott, Jerzy Grygorczuk, Troy Hudson, Jessica C. E. Irving, Günter Kargl, Taichi Kawamura, Sharon Kedar, Scott King, Brigitte Knapmeyer-Endrun, Martin Knapmeyer, Mark Lemmon, Ralph Lorenz, Justin N. Maki, Ludovic Margerin, Scott M. McLennan, Chloe Michaut, David Mimoun, Anna Mittelholz, Antoine Mocquet, Paul Morgan, Nils T. Mueller, Naomi Murdoch, Seiichi Nagihara, Claire Newman, Francis Nimmo, Mark Panning, W. Thomas Pike, Ana-Catalina Plesa, Sébastien Rodriguez, Jose Antonio Rodriguez-Manfredi, Christopher T. Russell, Nicholas Schmerr, Matt Siegler, Sabine Stanley, Eléanore Stutzmann, Nicholas Teanby, Jeroen Tromp, Martin van Driel, Nicholas Warner, Renee Weber and Mark Wieczorek, 24 February 2020, Nature Geoscience.
DOI: 10.1038/s41561-020-0544-y
“The seismicity of Mars” by D. Giardini, P. Lognonné, W. B. Banerdt, W. T. Pike, U. Christensen, S. Ceylan, J. F. Clinton, M. van Driel, S. C. Stähler, M. Böse, R. F. Garcia, A. Khan, M. Panning, C. Perrin, D. Banfield, E. Beucler, C. Charalambous, F. Euchner, A. Horleston, A. Jacob, T. Kawamura, S. Kedar, G. Mainsant, J.-R. Scholz, S. E. Smrekar, A. Spiga, C. Agard, D. Antonangeli, S. Barkaoui, E. Barrett, P. Combes, V. Conejero, I. Daubar, M. Drilleau, C. Ferrier, T. Gabsi, T. Gudkova, K. Hurst, F. Karakostas, S. King, M. Knapmeyer, B. Knapmeyer-Endrun, R. Llorca-Cejudo, A. Lucas, L. Luno, L. Margerin, J. B. McClean, D. Mimoun, N. Murdoch, F. Nimmo, M. Nonon, C. Pardo, A. Rivoldini, J. A. Rodriguez Manfredi, H. Samuel, M. Schimmel, A. E. Stott, E. Stutzmann, N. Teanby, T. Warren, R. C. Weber, M. Wieczorek and C. Yana, 24 February 2020, Nature Geoscience.
DOI: 10.1038/s41561-020-0539-8
“Constraints on the shallow elastic and anelastic structure of Mars from InSight seismic data” by P. Lognonné, W. B. Banerdt, W. T. Pike, D. Giardini, U. Christensen, R. F. Garcia, T. Kawamura, S. Kedar, B. Knapmeyer-Endrun, L. Margerin, F. Nimmo, M. Panning, B. Tauzin, J.-R. Scholz, D. Antonangeli, S. Barkaoui, E. Beucler, F. Bissig, N. Brinkman, M. Calvet, S. Ceylan, C. Charalambous, P. Davis, M. van Driel, M. Drilleau, L. Fayon, R. Joshi, B. Kenda, A. Khan, M. Knapmeyer, V. Lekic, J. McClean, D. Mimoun, N. Murdoch, L. Pan, C. Perrin, B. Pinot, L. Pou, S. Menina, S. Rodriguez, C. Schmelzbach, N. Schmerr, D. Sollberger, A. Spiga, S. Stähler, A. Stott, E. Stutzmann, S. Tharimena, R. Widmer-Schnidrig, F. Andersson, V. Ansan, C. Beghein, M. Böse, E. Bozdag, J. Clinton, I. Daubar, P. Delage, N. Fuji, M. Golombek, M. Grott, A. Horleston, K. Hurst, J. Irving, A. Jacob, J. Knollenberg, S. Krasner, C. Krause, R. Lorenz, C. Michaut, R. Myhill, T. Nissen-Meyer, J. ten Pierick, A.-C. Plesa, C. Quantin-Nataf, J. Robertsson, L. Rochas, M. Schimmel, S. Smrekar, T. Spohn, N. Teanby, J. Tromp, J. Vallade, N. Verdier, C. Vrettos, R. Weber, D. Banfield, E. Barrett, M. Bierwirth, S. Calcutt, N. Compaire, C.L. Johnson, D. Mance, F. Euchner, L. Kerjean, G. Mainsant, A. Mocquet, J. A Rodriguez Manfredi, G. Pont, P. Laudet, T. Nebut, S. de Raucourt, O. Robert, C. T. Russell, A. Sylvestre-Baron, S. Tillier, T. Warren, M. Wieczorek, C. Yana and P. Zweifel, 24 February 2020, Nature Geoscience.
DOI: 10.1038/s41561-020-0536-y
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