One of the first photographs of a sediment trap sample shows pellets, aggregates, and shells that make up sinking “marine snow.” Credit: © Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Climate projections could be off by five years, researchers find.
The ocean’s “biological pump” describes the many marine processes that work to take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and transport it deep into the ocean, where it can remain sequestered for centuries. This ocean pump is a powerful regulator of atmospheric carbon dioxide and an essential ingredient in any global climate forecast.
But a new MIT study points to a significant uncertainty in the way the biological pump is represented in climate models today. Researchers found that the “gold standard” equation used to calculate the pump’s strength has a larger margin of error than previously thought, and that predictions of how much atmospheric carbon the ocean will pump down to various depths could be off by 10 to 15 parts per million.
Given that the world is currently emitting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere at an annual rate of about 2.5 parts per million, the team estimates that the new uncertainty translates to about a five-year error in climate target projections.
“This larger error bar might be critical if we want to stay within 1.5 degrees of warming targeted by the Paris Agreement,” says Jonathan Lauderdale, a research scientist in MIT’s Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences. “If current models predict we have until 2040 to cut carbon emissions, we’re expanding the uncertainty around that, to say maybe we now have until 2035, which could be quite a big deal.”
Lauderdale and former MIT graduate student B.B. Cael, now at the National Oceanography Center in Southampton, U.K., have published their study today in the journal Geophysical Research Letters.
When they die, phytoplankton collectively sink through the water column as “marine snow,” carrying with them the carbon that they initially absorbed. Shown here are white flakes and pellets that typically make up sinking marine material. Credit: © Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Snow curve
The marine processes that contribute to the ocean’s biological pump begin with phytoplankton, microscopic organisms that soak up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as they grow. When they die, phytoplankton collectively sink through the water column as “marine snow,” carrying that carbon with them.
“These particles rain down like white flaky snow that is all this dead stuff falling out of the surface ocean,” Lauderdale says.
At various depths, the particles are consumed by microbes, which convert the particles’ organic carbon and respire it into the deep ocean in an inorganic, mineral form, in a process known as remineralization.
In the 1980s, researchers collected marine snow at locations and depths throughout the tropical Pacific. From these observations they generated a simple power law mathematical relationship — the Martin curve, named after team member John Martin — to describe the strength of the biological pump, and how much carbon the ocean can remineralize and sequester at various depths.
“The Martin curve is ubiquitous, and it’s really the gold standard [used in many climate models today],” Lauderdale says.
But in 2018, Cael and co-author Kelsey Bisson showed that the power law derived to explain the Martin curve was not the only equation that could fit the observations. The power law is a simple mathematical relationship that assumes that particles fall faster with depth. But Cael found that several other mathematical relationships, each based on different mechanisms for how marine snow sinks and is remineralized, could also explain the data.
For instance, one alternative assumes that particles fall at the same rate no matter the depth, while another assumes that particles with heavy, less-consumable phytoplankton shells fall faster than those without.
“He found that you can’t tell which curve is the right one, which is a bit troubling, because each curve has different mechanisms behind it,” Lauderdale says. “In other words, researchers might be using the ‘wrong’ function to predict the strength of the biological pump. These discrepancies could snowball and impact climate projections.”
A curve reconsidered
In the new study, Lauderdale and Cael looked at how much difference it would make to estimates of carbon stored deep in the ocean if they changed the mathematical description of the biological pump.
They started with the same six alternative equations, or remineralization curves, that Cael had previously studied. The team looked at how climate models’ predictions of atmospheric carbon dioxide would change if they were based on any of the six alternatives, versus the Martin curve’s power law.
To make the comparison as statistically similar as possible, they first fit each alternative equation to the Martin curve. The Martin curve describes how much marine snow reaches various depths through the ocean. The researchers entered the data points from the curve into each alternative equation. They then ran each equation through the MITgcm, a general circulation model that simulates, among other processes, the flux of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the ocean.
The team ran the climate model forward in time to see how each alternative equation for the biological pump changed the model’s estimates of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, compared with the Martin curve’s power law. They found that the amount of carbon that the ocean is able to draw down and sequester from the atmosphere varies widely, depending on which mathematical description for the biological pump they used.
“The surprising part was that even small changes in the amount of remineralization or marine snow making it to different depths due to the different curves can lead to significant changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide,” Lauderdale says.
The results suggest that the ocean’s pumping strength, and the processes that govern how fast marine snow falls, are still an open question.
“We definitely need to make many more measurements of marine snow to break down the mechanisms behind what’s going on,” Lauderdale adds. “Because probably all these processes are relevant, but we really want to know which are driving carbon sequestration.”
Reference: “Impact of Remineralization Profile Shape on the Air‐Sea Carbon Balance” by Jonathan Maitland Lauderdale and B. B. Cael. 5 April 2021, Geophysical Research Letters.
DOI: 10.1029/2020GL091746
This research was supported, in part, by the National Science Foundation, the Simons Collaboration on Computational Biogeochemical Modeling of Marine Ecosystems, and the UK National Environmental Research Council.
“… we’re expanding the uncertainty around that, to say maybe we now have until 2035, which could be quite a big deal.”
What didn’t get said is that there is equal probability that “maybe we now have until” 2045! When ice covers the Arctic Ocean, it prevents the water from absorbing CO2. So, with lower ice coverage, the water should be taking in more CO2.
Although, when the The Pandemic shut down the world in early-2020, it was a time when the NH photosynthesis-sinks were at their low point, and CO2 typically climbs rapidly. However, with an estimated decline of anthropogenic CO2 of about 18% for one-quarter of the business year, there is no perceptible impact on the slope of the CO2 curve, the timing of the peak, or the height that it reached. That is, there is no empirical evidence that cutting back on CO2 emissions will have the desired effect!
“… the Martin curve, … to describe the strength of the biological pump, and how much carbon the ocean can remineralize and sequester at various depths.”
Something else that should be mentioned: the warmer water is, the less soluble CO2 is. Therefore, in the warm, shallow seas around the Bahamas, and elsewhere in the tropics, calcium carbonate is precipitating out of the water, sequestering CO2 in limey muds. As the oceans warm, as they are claimed to be doing, then there is a sequestration mechanism in play.
It is all very complex, and focusing on just one feedback loop doesn’t provide the whole picture. After all, the concern is about the global concentration of the well-mixed gas, CO2, not just the concentration over the North Pacific.