Survey of Brazil’s Atlantic Forests Reveals Loss of Key Species

The white-lipped peccary is no longer found in the Brazilian Atlantic forest.

According to a new survey of Brazil’s Atlantic forests, mammal extinctions are occurring at least twice as fast as previous estimates suggested. Jaguars, lowland tapirs, woolly spider-monkeys, and giant anteaters are almost absent from Brazil’s northeastern forests, which are among the most ancient and threatened tropical ecosystems on Earth.

The white-lipped peccary, a species related to pigs, is now no longer found in the area at all. The survey was published in the journal PLoS One. It was led by a team of ecologists based in Brazil and the UK, and their focus was the populations of 18 mammal species in 196 forest fragments, within an area of 250,000 square kilometers.

The population density, before the arrival of European colonists, was estimated and used as a comparison. Out of 3,528 populations estimated to have originally lived in the area, only 767 (21.7%) remain today. Only three species, two small monkeys and an armadillo, are still present throughout the region.

Previous modeling of the rate of extinction from the 1960s was far more optimistic. According to the zoologists, even big patches of forests are largely empty of mammals, which is often used as a proxy for the general health of the ecosystem.

The Atlantic forest used to stretch from the north of Brazil to Argentina, and almost as far west as the Amazonian rainforest. It was home to several species that are found nowhere else. During the past 500 years, ranches, sugarcane plantations, logging, and hunting have destroyed nearly 90% of the forest, which only exists now in fragmented plots of degraded cover. Just 1% of its original area remains now in Argentina.

The previous studies failed to account for the synergistic effects of habitat loss, fires, urban expansion, and hunting on the fragmented forests. The scientists spent two years driving along the roads of Brazilian states to interview local people about the presence of large mammals. In most places, they weren’t even recorded in living memory.

Mammal populations are doing better in officially protected areas, such as national parks. However, private landowners in northeastern Brazil are turning a blind eye to hunting, or even shooting the animals themselves without complying with the Brazilian Forest Code.

A larger protected area needs to be established, allowing for gene flow.

Reference: “Pervasive Defaunation of Forest Remnants in a Tropical Biodiversity Hotspot” by Gustavo R. Canale, Carlos A. Peres, Carlos E. Guidorizzi, Cassiano A. Ferreira Gatto and Maria Cecília M. Kierulff, 14 August 20212, PLoS One.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041671