University of Arizona astronomers join an international effort to study the BOAT (brightest of all time), a gamma-ray burst providing a “cosmic lab” for understanding massive star deaths. The burst, GRB 221009A, had exceptionally narrow jets and raises questions about the lack of a supernova. Credit: NASA/Swift/Cruz deWilde
University of Arizona astronomers have joined an international effort to study the aftermath of the brightest flash of gamma rays ever observed. Observations involving various UArizona telescopes and instruments provide astronomers with a “cosmic lab” to study how massive stars die.
An international collaboration studied the aftermath of the brightest gamma-ray burst ever observed, dubbed the BOAT (brightest of all time). The burst, called GRB 221009A, swept through the solar system and was detected by numerous spacecraft and observatories. The UArizona astronomers leveraged various telescopes and instruments, providing them with a “cosmic lab” to better understand the cause and properties of the burst. Although the jets in the burst were not unusually powerful, they were exceptionally narrow and one was pointed directly at Earth. Astronomers have yet to find a brightening supernova associated with this type of GRB, raising questions about the fundamental understanding of these extremely energetic explosions.
On October 9, a pulse of intense radiation swept through the solar system, so exceptional that astronomers quickly dubbed it the BOAT – the brightest of all time. The source was a gamma-ray burst, or GRB – the most powerful class of explosions in the universe.
The burst triggered detectors on numerous spacecraft, and observatories around the globe followed up. After combing through all of the data, astronomers can now characterize just how bright it was and better understand its scientific impact. Two research teams at the University of Arizona joined the international effort to obtain and analyze the data to better understand what causes these outbursts of cosmic proportions. Papers describing the results will appear in a focus issue of The Astrophysical Journal Letters.[1]
Illustration of the most common type of gamma-ray burst: The core of a massive star (left) has collapsed, forming a black hole that sends a jet into space at near the speed of light. Radiation including gamma rays, X-rays, visible light, and radio waves arises from hot ionized gas near the newborn black hole, collisions among shells of fast-moving gas within the jet, and from the leading edge of the jet as it sweeps up and interacts with its surroundings. Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center
“This flash of gamma rays was the brightest burst ever recorded,” said Kate Alexander, an assistant professor in the UArizona Department of Astronomy and Steward Observatory, who co-authored one of the papers.[2] “You would expect one of this magnitude about once in 10,000 years.”
Observations of the burst span the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves to gamma rays, and include data from many NASA and partner missions, including the National Science Foundation’s Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array radio telescope in New Mexico, NASA’s NuSTAR observatory and even Voyager 1 in interstellar space. Alexander and other scientists presented new findings about the BOAT at the High Energy Astrophysics Division meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Waikoloa, Hawaii, on Tuesday.
Gamma-ray bursts are the most luminous explosions in the cosmos. Astronomers think most occur when the core of a massive star runs out of nuclear fuel, collapses under its own weight, and forms a black hole, as illustrated in this animation. The black hole then drives jets of particles that drill all the way through the collapsing star at nearly the speed of light. These jets pierce through the star, emitting X-rays and gamma rays (magenta) as they stream into space. They then plow into material surrounding the doomed star and produce a multiwavelength afterglow that gradually fades away. The closer to head-on we view one of these jets, the brighter it appears. Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center
The signal from the gamma-ray burst, dubbed GRB 221009A, had been traveling for about 1.9 billion years before it reached Earth, making it among the closest known “long” GRBs, whose initial, or prompt, emission lasts more than two seconds. Astronomers think these bursts represent the birth cry of a black hole that formed when the core of a massive star collapsed under its own weight. As it quickly ingests the surrounding matter, the black hole blasts out jets in opposite directions containing particles accelerated to near the speed of light. These jets pierce through the star, emitting X-rays and gamma rays as they stream into space. As these streams of matter expand out into space, they crash into gas and dust around the star, producing long-lasting “afterglow” light that telescopes can detect across the entire electromagnetic spectrum.
To better understand the cause and properties of GRB 221009A, the UArizona astronomers took advantage of various telescopes capable of observing in multiple wavelengths, including Steward Observatory’s Large Binocular Telescope on Mount Graham and the MMT on Mount Hopkins.
“With supernovae and gamma-ray bursts, timing is everything, and because of our location, we have access to a superb suite of instruments,” said Manisha Shrestha, a postdoctoral research assistant at Steward Observatory who is the first author on another paper.[3] “So, once this gamma-ray burst went off, we could follow it up with our own observations very quickly.”
“Being so close and so bright, this burst offered us an unprecedented opportunity to gather observations of the afterglow across the electromagnetic spectrum and to test how well our models reflect what’s really happening in GRB jets,” Alexander added. “Twenty-five years of afterglow models that have worked very well cannot completely explain this jet. In particular, we found a new radio component we don’t fully understand. “This may indicate additional structure within the jet or suggest the need to revise our models of how GRB jets interact with their surroundings.”
X-rays from the initial flash of GRB 221009A could be detected for weeks as dust in our galaxy scattered the light back to Earth. This resulted in the appearance of an extraordinary set of expanding rings. Images captured over 12 days by the X-ray Telescope aboard NASA’s Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory were combined to make this movie, shown here in arbitrary colors. Credit: NASA/Swift/A. Beardmore (University of Leicester)
The jets themselves were not unusually powerful, but they were exceptionally narrow – much like the jet setting of a garden hose – and one was pointed directly at Earth, Alexander explained. The closer to head-on we view a jet, the brighter it appears. Although the afterglow was unexpectedly dim at radio energies, it’s likely that GRB 221009A will remain detectable for years, providing a novel opportunity to track the full life cycle of a powerful jet.
With this type of GRB, astronomers also expect to find a brightening supernova – the aftermath of an explosion of a very massive star – a few weeks later, but so far it has proven elusive.
“When we see the brightest gamma-ray burst ever recorded, we expect to see a bright supernova associated with it,” Shrestha said. “We found that there was no clear signal indicating the presence of supernova features in our data. This is a puzzling discovery, as it is well-established that long GRBs come from the explosion of massive stars.”
Shrestha said it could be that a supernova, much fainter than expected, could be “hiding” in the intense afterglow. Another reason could be the location of the GRB, which appeared in a part of the sky just a few degrees above the plane of our own galaxy, where thick dust clouds can greatly dim incoming light.
“Or it could be that there is no supernova present,” she said, “which opens up interesting questions about our fundamental understanding of these extremely energetic explosions.”
One possible explanation for the lack of the telltale signs of a supernova, the researchers say, could be that the entire star collapsed straight into the black hole instead of ending its life in a spectacular explosion.
Because of its intensity, the burst provides an extraordinarily rare test bed to develop the next generation of physical theories that could explain these phenomena even better, according to the researchers. While additional observations with the James Webb Space Telescope and Hubble Space Telescope are planned over the next few months, the UArizona team is planning to maximize its “home advantage,” according to David Sand, an associate professor at Steward Observatory and a co-author on the paper led by Shrestha.
“We have some of the biggest telescopes in the world here in Arizona, and we will be looking at this source again very soon to see how it evolves over time,” he said. “We want to learn more about its environment and dive deeper into why it doesn’t match our models perfectly. Hopefully, our next observations will help lift some of the mystery around this object.”
For more on these discoveries, see Incredible 1-in-10,000-Year Gamma-Ray Burst.
References:
- “Focus on the Ultra-luminous Gamma-Ray Burst GRB 221009A” March 2023, The Astrophysical Journal Letters.
- “The Radio to GeV Afterglow of GRB 221009A” by Tanmoy Laskar, Kate D. Alexander, Raffaella Margutti, Tarraneh Eftekhari, Ryan Chornock, Edo Berger, Yvette Cendes, Anne Duerr, Daniel A. Perley, Maria Edvige Ravasio, Ryo Yamazaki, Eliot H. Ayache, Thomas Barclay, Rodolfo Barniol Duran, Shivani Bhandari, Daniel Brethauer, Collin T. Christy, Deanne L. Coppejans, Paul Duffell, Wen-fai Fong, Andreja Gomboc, Cristiano Guidorzi, Jamie A. Kennea, Shiho Kobayashi, Andrew Levan, Andrei P. Lobanov, Brian D. Metzger, Eduardo Ros, Genevieve Schroeder and P. K. G. Williams, 28 March 2023, The Astrophysical Journal Letters.
DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/acbfad - “Limit on Supernova Emission in the Brightest Gamma-ray Burst, GRB 221009A” by Manisha Shrestha, David J. Sand, Kate D. Alexander, K. Azalee Bostroem, Griffin Hosseinzadeh, Jeniveve Pearson, Mojgan Aghakhanloo, József Vinkó, Jennifer E. Andrews, Jacob E. Jencson, M. J. Lundquist, Samuel Wyatt, D. Andrew Howell, Curtis McCully, Estefania Padilla Gonzalez, Craig Pellegrino, Giacomo Terreran, Daichi Hiramatsu, Megan Newsome, Joseph Farah, Saurabh W. Jha, Nathan Smith, J. Craig Wheeler, Clara Martínez-Vázquez, Julio A. Carballo-Bello, Alex Drlica-Wagner, David J. James, Burçin Mutlu-Pakdil, Guy S. Stringfellow, Joanna D. Sakowska, Noelia E. D. Noël, Clécio R. Bom and Kyler Kuehn, 28 March 2023, The Astrophysical Journal Letters.
DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/acbd50
2👍🏻👍🏽🙄up. You seen that .I did 😇🤓.
This is fascinating, especially as it occurs once in 10,000 years. Dying stars and the black holes they produce have always been of interest.
Pp