U.S. Army Creates Sensor With 100,000 Times Higher Sensitivity – Improves Thermal Imaging, Electronic Warfare, Communications

Army-funded research develops a graphene bolometer sensor with 100,000x higher sensitivity than currently available commercial sensors. Detecting microwave radiation is key to thermal imaging, electronic warfare, radio communications and radar, but detection sensitivity limits the performance of these systems. Credit: Raytheon BBN Technologies

Better detection of microwave radiation will improve thermal imaging, electronic warfare, radio communications.

Army-funded research developed a new microwave radiation sensor with 100,000 times higher sensitivity than currently available commercial sensors. Researchers said better detection of microwave radiation will enable improved thermal imaging, electronic warfare, radio communications, and radar.

Researchers published their study in the peer-reviewed journal Nature. The team includes scientists from Harvard University, The Institute of Photonic Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, and Raytheon BBN Technologies. The Army, in part, funded the work to fabricate this bolometer by exploiting the giant thermal response of graphene to microwave radiation.

“The microwave bolometer developed under this project is so sensitive that it is capable of detecting a single microwave photon, which is the smallest amount of energy in nature,” said Dr. Joe Qiu, program manager for solid-state electronics and electromagnetics, Army Research Office, an element of the U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command’s Army Research Laboratory. “This technology will potentially enable new capabilities for applications such as quantum sensing and radar, and ensure the U.S. Army maintains spectral dominance in the foreseeable future.”

A bolometer detects electromagnetic radiation by measuring the temperature rise as the photons are absorbed into the sensor. The research team fabricate this bolometer by exploiting the giant thermal response of graphene to microwave radiation. Credit: Raytheon BBN Technologies

The graphene bolometer sensor detects electromagnetic radiation by measuring the temperature rise as the photons are absorbed into the sensor. Graphene is a two-dimensional, one-atom layer thick material. The researchers achieved a high bolometer sensitivity by incorporating graphene in the microwave antenna.

A key innovation in this advancement is to measure the temperature rise by superconducting Josephson junction while maintaining a high microwave radiation coupling into the graphene through an antenna, researchers said. The coupling efficiency is essential in a high sensitivity detection because “every precious photon counts.”

A Josephson junction is a quantum mechanical device which is made of two superconducting electrodes separated by a barrier (thin insulating tunnel barrier, normal metal, semiconductor, ferromagnet, etc.)

The microwave bolometer developed under this project is capable of detecting a single microwave photon, the smallest amount of energy in nature. Credit: Raytheon BBN Technologies

In addition to being thin, the electrons in graphene are also in a very special band structure in which the valence and conduction bands meet at only one point, known as Dirac point.

“The density of states vanishes there so that when the electrons receive the photon energy, the temperature rise is high while the heat leakage is small,” said Dr. Kin Chung Fong, Raytheon BBN Technologies.

With increased sensitivity of bolometer detectors, this research has found a new pathway to improve the performance of systems detecting electromagnetic signal such as radar, night vision, LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), and communication. It could also enable new applications such as quantum information science, thermal imaging as well as the search of dark matter.

Reference: “Graphene-based Josephson junction microwave bolometer” by Gil-Ho Lee, Dmitri K. Efetov, Woochan Jung, Leonardo Ranzani, Evan D. Walsh, Thomas A. Ohki, Takashi Taniguchi, Kenji Watanabe, Philip Kim, Dirk Englund and Kin Chung Fong, 30 September 2020, Nature.
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2752-4

The part of the research conducted at MIT included work from the Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies. The U.S. Army established the institute in 2002 as an interdisciplinary research center to dramatically improve the protection, survivability, and mission capabilities of the Soldier and of Soldier-supporting platforms and systems.