Stretching a quantum material revealed two distinct superconducting states, challenging previous assumptions about its behavior and offering new clues to the mechanisms behind superconductivity.
Stretching a crystal by less than 1% has allowed scientists to separate two distinct superconducting states in a material that has puzzled physicists for years. The experiment also increased the temperature at which superconductivity begins, without substantially changing another form of electronic order within the crystal.
The findings could help settle a long-standing debate surrounding CsV3Sb5, an unusual metal whose superconducting properties have produced conflicting experimental results. By controlling strain along a single direction, researchers found a way to investigate superconductivity independently of the charge ordering that normally complicates its behavior.
Why This Unusual Metal Has Puzzled Physicists
CsV3Sb5 belongs to a family of materials called kagome metals, named for the distinctive pattern of interconnected triangles formed by their atomic structures. This geometry can produce unusual electronic behavior, including competing forms of quantum order.
At approximately 94 kelvin (−290°F), CsV3Sb5 develops a charge density wave, a periodic rearrangement of electronic charge. At much lower temperatures, around 2.5 kelvin (−455°F), it becomes superconducting, allowing electrical current to flow without resistance. Scientists have struggled to determine how these two states interact and what type of superconductivity the material supports.
One unresolved question concerns the superconducting gap, an energy gap associated with the pairing of electrons. Some experiments have suggested that this gap remains open throughout the material’s electronic structure, while others have indicated the presence of nodes, locations where the gap falls to zero. These possibilities point to different characteristics of the underlying superconducting state.
Stretching the Crystal Changes Its Superconductivity
To investigate, a team led by Associate Professor Shinji Kawasaki and Professor Guo-qing Zheng of Okayama University in Japan applied controlled strain to high-quality CsV3Sb5 crystals. Using a custom piezoelectric strain cell, they stretched or compressed the material along one crystallographic direction while monitoring its superconducting transition and local electronic properties through nuclear quadrupole resonance measurements.
Stretching produced a clear increase in the superconducting transition temperature. Without applied strain, superconductivity began at approximately 3.0 kelvin (−454°F). Under tensile strain of +0.90%, that temperature rose to 3.6 kelvin (−453°F). Compression did not produce the same enhancement.
The charge density wave, however, remained essentially unchanged. Unlike hydrostatic pressure, which can influence superconductivity by modifying charge order, uniaxial strain allowed the researchers to strengthen superconductivity while leaving the existing charge density wave largely intact.
Two Superconducting States Emerge Under Strain
At the highest tensile strain, the researchers detected two separate superconducting transitions. The first appeared at 3.6 kelvin and was associated with a nodal superconducting state. A second transition occurred at 3.0 kelvin and exhibited a nodeless state.
The measurements provide evidence for two superconducting states that are nearly degenerate under ordinary conditions, meaning their energies are very similar. Applying strain appears to separate these states, offering a possible explanation for why earlier experiments reached different conclusions about the material’s superconducting gap.
“For years, different measurements of CsV3Sb5 have pointed toward seemingly different superconducting states,” says Prof. Kawasaki. “Our results show that these states can coexist and that uniaxial strain can separate them, giving us a direct way to study each state.”
A New Way to Investigate Unconventional Superconductivity
The measurements also showed that tensile strain strengthened the unconventional nodal component. Its estimated contribution increased from approximately 10% without applied strain to about 26% at +0.90% strain, suggesting that stretching selectively favors this superconducting pairing channel.
“Strain gives us an independent control knob in this material—it enhances superconductivity without changing the bulk charge density wave,” says Prof. Kawasaki.
The approach could be extended to other unconventional superconductors in which multiple electronic orders coexist, including iron-based superconductors and heavy-fermion materials. Applying strain may help researchers distinguish the mechanisms responsible for superconductivity from the effects of competing charge or spin order.
Reference: “Strain-Tuned Nodal Superconductivity in the Charge-Ordered Kagome Metal CsV3Sb5” by Yusuke Takeuchi, Akito Kobayashi, Saki Uchida, Takumi Nagao, Seigo Ogawa, Rui Zhou, Shinji Kawasaki, Fei Song, Hao Ni, Yong Zhao and Guo-qing Zheng, 28 August 2026, Physical Review Letters.
DOI: 10.1103/mzgp-2lzb
Funding: JSPS KAKENHI, JSPS Program for Forming Japan’s Peak Research Universities (J-PEAKS), Murata Science Foundation, Electric Technology Research Foundation of Chugoku, Electric Technology Research Foundation of Chugoku, CAS PIFI program
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9 Comments
Researchers Stretch a Quantum Material and Uncover Two Hidden Superconducting States.
VERY GOOD.
Ask the Researchers:
What is the Quantum Material?
Once mathematics leaves the movement of low dimensional geometric shapes, it becomes a doctrine, just as some people pursue the ultimate value of pi. The geometric shape of a standard circular structure in nature will never disappear because you cannot reach the finish line. The essence of neutrinos and quantum is mathematical deduction, and mathematical deduction without geometric shapes is called “neutrino religion” and “quantum religion”. Today’s mainstream physics has long departed from the geometric essence of nature and can only be reduced to using dead and alive cats as doctrines and totems.
Once mathematics detaches itself from the dynamics of low-dimensional geometric forms, it degenerates into mere dogma—akin to the futile pursuit of the ultimate value of pi. The geometric form of the standard circle in nature will never vanish, regardless of whether you can reach the numerical terminus. The essence of neutrinos and quantum phenomena lies in mathematical deduction; however, deduction stripped of geometric intuition becomes nothing short of a “neutrino religion” or a “quantum religion.” Mainstream physics has long abandoned the geometric essence of nature, leaving it no recourse but to cling to the paradox of the dead-and-alive cat as its totem and doctrine.
Please ask researchers to reflect: which is easier to understand: quantum materials, half dead cat materials, topological materials?
CsV3Sb5 belongs to a family of materials called kagome metals, named for the distinctive pattern of interconnected triangles formed by their atomic structures. This geometry can produce unusual electronic behavior, including competing forms of quantum order.
WHY?
Within the TVT framework, the kagome structure of CsV₃Sb₅ is not merely a “background” that generates quantum behavior, but the geometric vortex network itself. The triangular and hexagonal pores dictate the circulation paths; van Hove singularities and flat bands provide geometric focusing and localization; and interlayer stacking supplies the three-dimensional phase mismatch. Consequently, the CDW, loop-current order, nematic phase, superconductivity, and pair density wave (PDW) emerge as competing self-organized states of the same geometric fluid under different constraints.
Admittedly, in the language of mainstream condensed matter physics, these phenomena are translated into Berry phases, Z₂ topology, Fermi surface nesting, and electron correlations. However, from the standpoint of TVT’s geometric realism, a more natural starting point is that the kagome lattice first provides the geometric skeleton for vortex motion, and the so-called quantum orders are simply stable circulation patterns on this skeleton.
In other words, the “quantum behavior” of CsV₃Sb₅ is not a ghost-like phenomenon detached from spatial structure. Its triangular-hexagonal kagome skeleton is itself the geometric reality of vortex motion: the CDW is a density ripple, the loop-current order consists of triangular vortices, the PDW is a vortex-antivortex array, and the superconducting diode effect represents the selection of condensate flow direction by this vortex background.
Rather than attributing the complex behavior of CsV₃Sb₅ to obscure mathematical topological invariants, it is more fruitful to return to the geometric essence of nature. The kagome lattice first provides the geometric skeleton for vortex motion, while macroscopic quantum phenomena such as superconductivity emerge as stable circulation patterns on this skeleton. Such an understanding, grounded in geometric intuition, may reveal the true landscape of the physical world more effectively than the quantum dogma of the “half-dead cat.”
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