A new study finds that brain cells with the same “birthdate” are more likely to wire together into cooperative signaling circuits that carry out many functions, including the storage of memories.
“Our study’s results suggest that which day a hippocampal neuron is born strongly influences both how that single cell performs, and how populations of such cells signal together throughout life.” György Buzsáki, MD, PhD
The research, which studied the brains of mice developing in the womb, found that brain cells (neurons) with the same birthdate showed distinct connectivity and activity throughout the animals’ adult lives, whether they were asleep or awake. The study was led by researchers from NYU Grossman School of Medicine.
Published online today (August 22, 2022) in the journal Nature Neuroscience, the findings suggest that evolution took advantage of the orderly birth of neurons – by gestational day – to form localized microcircuits in the hippocampus, the brain region that forms memories. Rather than attempting to create each new memory from scratch, the scientists suggest, the brain may exploit the stepwise formation of neuronal layers to establish neural templates. These act like “LEGO pieces,” that match each new experience to an existing template as it is remembered.
Implications for Neurodevelopmental Disorders
According to the authors, these rules of circuit assembly would suggest that cells born together are more likely to encode memories together, and to fail together, potentially implicating neuronal birthdate in diseases like autism and Alzheimer’s. With changes to the number of cells born on different days, the developing brain may be more vulnerable on some gestational days to viral infections, alcohol, or toxins.
“Our study’s results suggest that which day a hippocampal neuron is born strongly influences both how that single cell performs, and how populations of such cells signal together throughout life,” says senior study author György Buzsáki, MD, PhD, the Biggs Professor in the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology at NYU Langone Health. “This work may reshape how we study neurodevelopmental disorders, which have traditionally been looked at through a molecular or genetic, rather than a developmental, lens,” says Buzsáki, also a faculty member in the Neuroscience Institute at NYU Langone.”
New Understanding
The current study’s innovation rests on tracking the activity of neurons of a given birthdate into adulthood. To accomplish this, the scientists relied on a technique that allowed them to transfer DNA into cells that were undergoing division into neurons in the womb. The DNA expressed markers, akin to a barcode, that tagged brain cells that were born on the same day. This labeling method then enabled the researchers to study these neurons in the adult animal.
Using a combination of techniques, the new study discovered that neurons of the same birthdate tend to “co-fire” together, characterized by synchronized swings in their positive and negative charges, allowing them to transmit electrical signals collectively. A likely reason for the co-firing is that neurons with the same birthdate are connected via shared neurons, say the authors.
Past work had shown that activity in the hippocampus can be described in terms of patterns of collective neuronal activity during waking and sleep. During sleep, for instance, when each day’s memories are consolidated for long-term memory storage, hippocampal neurons engage in a cyclical burst of activity called the “sharp wave-ripple,” named for the shape it takes when captured graphically by EEG, a technology that records brain activity with electrodes.
Memory Storage and Sharp Wave-Ripples in the Hippocampus
“Our results show that neurons born on the same day become part of the same cooperating assemblies, and participate in the same sharp wave-ripples and represent the same memories,” says first author Roman Huszár, a graduate student in Buzsáki’s lab. “These relationships, and the pre-set templates they encode, have a key implication for hippocampal function: the storage of a memory about a place or event.”
Moving forward, the research team plans additional experiments to identify the genes active in the same birthdate neurons in different brain regions, and to test their role in memory formation and behavior.
Reference: “Preconfigured dynamics in the hippocampus are guided by embryonic birthdate and rate of neurogenesis” by Roman Huszár, Yunchang Zhang, Heike Blockus and György Buzsáki, 22 August 2022, Nature Neuroscience.
DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01138-x
Along with Buzsáki and Huszár, the other study authors were Yunchang Zhang from the NYU Neuroscience Institute and the Center for Neural Science at New York University; and Heike Blockus of the Department of Neuroscience and Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute at Columbia University. Funding for the study was provided by National Institutes of Health grants RO1 MH122391 and U19 NS107616.
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8 Comments
The fundamental aspect of life is reflected by the brain neurons’ integrated function.Basic ingredients like food intakes and environment alongwith genetic factors are related to this.
Brain neurons have a complex function interacted with environment,food intake and genetics.The act as a single unit.
Brain neurons function in integral form with propagating time is a function of physics.Metabolism follows to genetics with environment aside.Thus the life on the earth propagates.
How life originated in planet earth and sustained has its own clue.
Possibility of brain neurons evolution with life on earth has own explanation.
Are brain neurons act as a single unit.If so,then are they can be defined by biology,the life,which is only a medium.
Biologists will face certain difficulty to determine the work of neurons due to lacking knowledge about their origin.
Nothing new is found,yet.