“Green” Biodegradable Medical Gowns Actually Produce Harmful Greenhouse Gases

Biodegradable medical gowns decompose faster but emit more greenhouse gases like methane and CO2 than conventional gowns. While landfill gas capture could mitigate emissions, conventional gowns currently remain less toxic and more sustainable.

According to new research published in the Journal of Cleaner Production, biodegradable medical gowns, which were intended to be a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional medical gowns, have been found to produce harmful greenhouse gases during their decomposition process.

The use of disposable plasticized medical gowns – both conventional and biodegradable – has surged since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Landfills now brim with them.

Because the biodegradable version decomposes faster than conventional gowns, popular wisdom held that it offers a greener option by less space use and chronic emissions in landfills.

That wisdom may be wrong.

Unintended Environmental Impacts

“There’s no magic bullet to this problem,” said Fengqi You, professor in energy systems engineering at Cornell University.

“Plasticized conventional medical gowns take many years to break down and the biodegradable gowns degrade much faster, but they produce gas emissions faster like added methane and carbon dioxide than regular ones in a landfill,” said You, who is a senior faculty fellow in the Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability. “Maybe the conventional gowns are not so bad.”

According to this research led by Cornell doctoral student Xiang Zhao, biodegradable gown production poses an additional 11% higher eco-toxicity rate than conventional alternatives.

Potential Solutions for Mitigating Emissions

Adopting landfill gas capture and utilization processes in biodegradable gown sanitary landfills can reduce 9.79% of greenhouse emissions, life-cycle landfill use by nearly 49%, and save at least 10% of fossil resources by employing onsite power co-generation, the researchers found.

Conventional gowns are environmentally and socially sustainable because they can pose 14% less toxicity to humans, cause 10% fewer greenhouse gas emissions, and are nearly 10% less toxic to freshwater when compared to biodegradable gowns in landfills with extra gas emissions.

Improving the gas capture efficiency above 85% can make biodegradable gowns more environmentally sustainable than conventional gowns.

“It’s nice to break down the plastic into smaller things,” Zhao said. “But those small things eventually decompose into gas and if we don’t capture them, they become greenhouse gases that go into the air.”

Reference: “How sustainable are the biodegradable medical gowns via environmental and social life cycle assessment?” by Xiang Zhao, Jiří Jaromír Klemeš, Michael Saxon, and Fengqi You, 14 November 2022, Journal of Cleaner Production.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135153

The study was funded by the Cornell Center for Materials Research (CCMR) with funding from the NSF and New York State Empire State Development’s Division of Science, Technology, and Innovation.

Never miss a breakthrough: Join the SciTechDaily newsletter.
Follow us on Google and Google News.