A new four-minute ScienceCast video explains how the International Space Station has become the largest of all Earth-observing satellites.
ScienceCasts: A Giant Among Earth Satellites
The weekend launch of ISS-RapidScat onboard SpaceX-4 has kickstarted a new era for the International Space Station as a giant Earth-observing satellite.
The International Space Station has been called a stepping stone to other worlds.
NASA hasn’t forgotten, however, that the behemoth space station is also on the doorstep of Earth.
“We’re seeing the space station come into its own as an Earth-observing platform,” says Julie Robinson, chief scientist for the International Space Station Program. “It has a different orbit than other Earth-observing satellites. It’s closer to Earth, and it sees Earth at different times of day with a different schedule.”
In short, the space station offers something unique to the study of our home planet.
Sometimes astronauts in low Earth orbit see what regular satellites do not. In May 2013 for example, astronauts on board the International Space Station photographed a fresh eruption of the Pavlof Volcano in the Aleutian Islands. Their oblique perspective revealed the three-dimensional structure of the ash plume, which was only 20,000 feet (6,000 meters) high, but many times longer. Down-looking satellites could not get the same kind of 3D information.
Low Earth orbit turns out to be a great place to study the planet below. In recent years astronauts trained to photograph Earth have gathered data on desert dust, coral reefs, urban growth, pollution, glaciers, hurricanes, lightning, river deltas, volcanic plumes, Northern and Southern Lights, and much more.
Now, however, NASA is taking the space station’s Earth-observing capabilities to a whole new level. Before the end of the decade, six NASA Earth science instruments will be mounted to the station to help scientists study our changing planet.
The upgrades began this month: On September 20th, a SpaceX resupply rocket blasted off from Cape Canaveral carrying the first NASA Earth-observing instrument to be mounted on the exterior of the space station: ISS-RapidScat will monitor ocean winds for climate research, weather predictions, and hurricane science.
Next up is the Cloud-Aerosol Transport System–“CATS’ for short–a laser radar that can measure clouds along with airborne particles such as pollution, mineral dust, and smoke. CATS will follow ISS-RapidScat on another SpaceX flight targeted for December.
Two more Earth science instruments are slated to launch in 2016. First, SAGE III will measure ozone and other gases in the upper atmosphere to help scientists assess how the ozone layer is recovering. Second, the Lightning Imaging Sensor will monitor thunderstorm activity around the globe.
Those instruments are already built and ready to fly. In July, NASA selected proposals for two new instruments: The Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation, “GEDI”, and the ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station, “ECOSTRESS”, will give scientists new ways to observe how forests and ecosystems are affected by climate change. Both will be completed before the end of the decade.
Stephen Volz, associate director of flight programs in the Earth Science Division at NASA Headquarters explains the rapid pace of new sensors: “With the space station we don’t have to build a whole new spacecraft to gather new data — it’s already there. Designing instruments for the space station also gives us a chance to do high-risk, high-return instruments in a relatively economical way.”
The biggest spacecraft in Earth’s orbit is now paying serious attention to our home planet. For more news from low-Earth orbit, stay tuned to science.nasa.gov.
Image: European Space Agency
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