A new study from Yale University shows that bigger babies do have an increased risk of autism, while smaller babies are more likely to develop schizophrenia.
The size of babies and even human behavior may be shaped during early fetal development by a molecular tug of war between paternal and maternal genes, according to an emerging theory in evolutionary biology.
Yale evolutionary biologist Stephen Stearns and colleagues at the University of Copenhagen wanted to test a corollary of this theory: that autism and schizophrenia are extremes on a behavioral continuum that may arise from the same genomic conflict of interest.
Their analysis of 1.75 million Danish babies published online September 17 in the Proceedings of Royal Society B shows that, as the theory predicts, bigger babies do have an increased risk of autism, while smaller babies are more likely to develop schizophrenia.
“I was startled at how clear the data were,” Stearns said. “The theory isn’t generally accepted yet, but I think there is a growing awareness that this sort of variation may be underlying some forms of human behavior, only grading into mental disorders at the extremes.”
The theory is that the activation of select paternal genes that favor larger and more demanding babies — even though this may endanger the health of the mother and her ability to have more offspring — might also increase the risk of autism. Conversely, maternal genes that favor smaller and easier-to-handle babies — thereby protecting the mother’s ability to deliver more children — might confer a greater risk of schizophrenia.
Stearns says a possible explanation begins very early in the development of placenta and brains, when either the male copies or the female copies of certain genes are inactivated. Genes inherited from the father will tend to favor growth of larger — and more resource-demanding — infants who have a greater chance of survival. The interests of genes inherited from the mother are different; they tend to produce smaller babies, which require less resources and investment of time. In other words, male genetic interests are weighted more toward the health of the infant even at some cost to the health of the mother, while female interest is in preserving her ability to produce more offspring.
In the extension of this theory to behavior, autism is the extreme form of a behaviorally demanding infant, while schizophrenia is the opposite end of the behavioral spectrum, favoring a more social and easy-going child.
“These conditions may just be extreme exaggeration of normal behaviors,” Stearns said.
For instance, natural selection in a tool-making culture might favor a mixture of individuals with different degrees of these personality traits — some slightly anti-social but mechanically-oriented individuals in a mix with more creative empathetic persons.
In this view, variations in both birth size and mental disposition are seen as different, independent reflections of an underlying continuum from demanding to non-demanding offspring, said Stearns.
Reference: “Opposite risk patterns for autism and schizophrenia are associated with normal variation in birth size: phenotypic support for hypothesized diametric gene-dosage effects” by Sean G. Byars, Stephen C. Stearns and Jacobus J. Boomsma, 7 November 2014, Proceedings of Royal Society B.
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0604
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