New Equations Go Beyond Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity

Quantum Transfiguration of Kruskal Black Holes

Artist depiction of loop quantum gravity effects in a black hole. The bottom half of the image depicts the black hole which, according to general relativity, traps everything including light. Loop quantum gravity, a theory that extends Einstein’s general relativity using quantum mechanics, overcomes this tremendous pull and liberates everything shown in the top half of the image, thus solving the fundamental problem of black hole singularity. Credit: A. Corichi and J. P. Ruiz.

When stars collapse, they can create black holes, which are everywhere throughout the universe and therefore important to be studied. Black holes are mysterious objects with an outer edge called an event horizon, which traps everything including light. Einstein’s theory of general relativity predicted that once an object falls inside an event horizon, it ends up at the center of the black hole called a singularity where it is completely crushed. At this point of singularity, gravitational attraction is infinite and all known laws of physics break down including Einstein’s theory. Theoretical physicists have been questioning if singularities really exist through complex mathematical equations over the past several decades with little success until now. LSU Department of Physics & Astronomy Associate Professor Parampreet Singh and collaborators LSU Postdoctoral Researcher Javier Olmedo and Abhay Ashtekar, the Eberly Professor of Physics at Penn State developed new mathematical equations that go beyond Einstein’s theory of general relativity overcoming its key limitation—the central singularity of black holes. This research was published recently in Physical Review Letters and Physical Review D and was highlighted by the editors of the American Physical Society.

Theoretical physicists developed a theory called loop quantum gravity in the 1990s that marries the laws of microscopic physics, or quantum mechanics, with gravity, which explains the dynamics of space and time. Ashtekar, Olmedos, and Singh’s new equations describe black holes in loop quantum gravity and showed that black hole singularity does not exist.

“In Einstein’s theory, space-time is a fabric that can be divided as small as we want. This is essentially the cause of the singularity where the gravitational field becomes infinite. In loop quantum gravity, the fabric of space-time has a tile-like structure, which cannot be divided beyond the smallest tile. My colleagues and I have shown that this is the case inside black holes and therefore there is no singularity,” Singh said.

Instead of singularity, loop quantum gravity predicts a funnel to another branch of space-time.

“These tile-like units of geometry—called ‘quantum excitations’— which resolve the singularity problem are orders of magnitude smaller than we can detect with today’s technology, but we have precise mathematical equations that predict their behavior,” said Ashtekar, who is one of the founding fathers of loop quantum gravity.

“At LSU, we have been developing state-of-the-art computational techniques to extract physical consequences of these physical equations using supercomputers, bringing us closer to reliably test quantum gravity,” Singh said.

Einstein’s theory fails not only at the center of the black holes but also to explain how the universe was created from the Big Bang singularity. Therefore, a decade ago, Ashtekar, Singh, and collaborators began to extend physics beyond the Big Bang and make new predictions using loop quantum gravity. Using the mathematical equations and computational techniques of loop quantum gravity, they showed that the Big Bang is replaced by the “Big Bounce.” But, the problem of overcoming black hole singularity is exceptionally complex.

“The fate of black holes in a quantum theory of gravity is, in my view, the most important problem in theoretical physics,” said Jorge Pullin, the Horace Hearne professor of theoretical physics at LSU, who was not part of this study.

The research was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Urania Stott Fund of the Pittsburgh Foundation, the Penn State Eberly College of Science, and the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, or MINECO, in Spain.

References:

  • “Quantum Transfiguration of Kruskal Black Holes” by Abhay Ashtekar, Javier Olmedo and Parampreet Sing, 10 December 2018, Physical Review Letters.
    DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.241301
  • “Quantum extension of the Kruskal spacetime” by Abhay Ashtekar, Javier Olmedo and Parampreet Sing, 10 December 2018, Physical Review D.
    DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.98.126003

302 Comments on "New Equations Go Beyond Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity"

  1. Abhash Kumar singh | December 21, 2018 at 10:55 pm | Reply

    If v>=10c,then we can pass the black hole.

  2. Science achieved many breakthroughs this year, first the Riemann hypothesis, then the artificial sun made by China and now about this quantum loop gravity. This truly proves that nothing is impossible…

  3. In my childhood I learned about heaven and hell which are outside our realm. Now I learn about “another branch of the space-time”. It seems that some physicists publish their visions similarly to biblical prophets. Star Trek movies had shown how people can travel faster than light. Did they show how to switch to a parallel Universe?

  4. Helpful article on singularity, space time and gravity. I especially like your adding a link to the original article.
    Following are some of my thoughts on the matter. According to current theory, small pieces of randomly moving matter in space attract each other with their individual minuscule gravitational fields and thereby eventually form increasing larger amounts of matter, eventually leading to stars and planets. The high concentrations of matter warp nearby space-time and create a gravity effect.

    The Einstein field equations EFE describe the fundamental interaction of gravitation as a result of spacetime being curved by matter and energy. A re-interpretation of the EFE could lead to the following alternative explanation of how matter collects to form planets and stars, and how spacetime is warped by matter. Rather than matter first collecting, and then distorting space-time and thereby creating gravity effect, I hypothesize  that discontinuous areas of SpaceTime could result in concentrated areas of gravity which then attract collections of matter. In a way, this is a reversal of the classic chicken (matter) or the egg (gravity) argument.

  5. @Donald Marks: Amazing idea! The answer to the chicken, egg question would be a link between Einstein general relativity and Standard Model

    P.S unless the existence of the question itself is already the link… 🙂

    • Hiroji kurihara | June 24, 2022 at 4:17 pm | Reply

      Perihelion Shift of Mercury (essay)

      Mercury is revolving in orbit. Size of Mercury increases centrifugal force acting on revolving Mercury. This will be reason for perihelion shift of Mercury. The angle is about 5.75 arc-sec in a year.

      Size of Mercury will also increase gravity of Sun (which acts on Mercury). But it will not affect direction of long axis of elliptical orbit (after a round: that is, it will be unrelated to perihelion problem).

  6. @Donald Marks: [brainstorming idea] imagine that this primal energy points is pushed towards or away from each other through the ripples caused by those more dense areas of matter/energy which drives us into a conclusion what are those ripples made of? Highs Field 2.0 :). Interesting thought.

  7. Thank you for the article. This is all well beyond my ability to comment upon, but I find it absolutely fascinating nonetheless

  8. Ashiq Hussain Kumar | December 22, 2018 at 7:27 am | Reply

    Though I’ve not gained much knowledge yet(self studying for engeenering) but I could say that there exists no universal law …All laws that we say governing nature and not actually accepted everywhere ,every law is restricted upto its own world!!!This is my thought!!!I know I’m mad and so just what I think I just made this mad comment!!!

  9. Jay Impellizzeri | December 22, 2018 at 11:48 am | Reply

    Does anti-singularity combine with non-locality (re: I think Bell) to demonstrate a multitude, perhaps observably preceding the appearance of a space-time singularity?

  10. “Reality is an illusion, however make your illusion worthwhile.”~Wayne Hicks

  11. Ikeyi Oghenekparobo | December 22, 2018 at 2:39 pm | Reply

    Great article!
    It seems there will never be a fully established universal theory or law after all; a new discovery will always be made, one that will disprove and extend a previously held one (no matter how reverential we may uphold the latter, or how great the postulator may be-Enstein, Newton,etc.) Einstein’s General Relativity predicts the existence of a singularity at the centre of a black hole, now this Loop Quantum Gravity theory disproves that; Newtonian Mechanics assumes a universal time frame, and Einstein’s theory says there’s no such a thing as that.
    One theory says something and a new, more robust one comes along that paints quite a different, more general picture.
    This is the nature of Physics, and Science in general. Knowledge grows, and previously held theories crumble in wake of new ones. The search for an ultimate theory of the universe will forever be elusive!

  12. Israel Ospina Londoño | December 22, 2018 at 6:26 pm | Reply

    Interesante artículo. Sobre todo muy importante ya que si se comprueba, sería el inicio o tal vez la continuación de la caída de elementos fundamentales de la Teoría de la Relatividad de Albert Einstein (si no fué un plagio a los físicos Poincaré, Lorentz, Heiysenberg y otros).
    Hace mucho tiempo estaba buscando un sitio como este.

  13. Samuel Lewis Reich | December 22, 2018 at 6:53 pm | Reply

    If one takes into account the axial Doppler shift, there is additional dimensions for time perceived by and observer of a moving object (proper time). Because there is the angle of observation in the axial Doppler shift (angle between a line from the observer to the observed and the motion). Multi-dimension time kills General relativity. For a discussion of this go to this link:https://drive.google.com/open?id=1ERT2iqUtpfn7SXUCJAqZ9_UOe4mv1WOT

  14. If there’s no singularity then the density wont be infinite and subsequently the energy emitted by it wont be infinite too.. so by Einstein’s theory their gravitational pull would be less than that actually predicted wont it?

  15. Albert Einstein was wrong about the speed of light for which that was just his perception through a vacuum. Therefore, the speed of light is infinite in my opinion.

  16. General Theory of, not Theory of General. The theory is general, not the relativity.

  17. Math is nothing more than a linguistic metaphor, a map for describing our experiences. We must remember that the map is not the territory. Math is a linear system, and there are no strait lines in reality, just circles and spirals. Can math accurately describe these? NO!
    PI=3.141592654… :it can not be written down!
    PHI=1.618…. :it can not be written down!
    We can use math to a precision that works for describing OUR EXPERIENCES. That does not mean it is the translation of reality.
    IF people could finally find the “Universal Equation” that completely describes the universe, bringing together all the equations that they have to describe all the phenomenon in the Universe (an unrealistic expectation of “God” by my guess) they will find that the Buddha described it years ago in another language, and the Vedas before that. In math it is:
    (1=0=∞) (one=zero=infinity: we each are are nothing yet everything)
    When theoretical physicists factor in the findings of Cognitive Science they will begin to understand that.
    Or at least that is what came to me while meditating.

    • Kunjbihari sagar | December 23, 2018 at 7:12 pm | Reply

      Send me more details of it

      • I read George Lakoff ([was/is?] professor of Linguistics at the University of California, Berkley): “Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind”; but, with Mark Johnson, “Metaphors We Live By” may better express the Cognitive Science foundation of what I am trying to convey.
        There are only a handful of “base metaphors” on which all other metaphors are based, and all language is based on metaphors. These “base” metaphors are something like “in/out,” “up/down,” etc…
        Their theory is NOT that “Math can not be a universal language based on a reality that our bodies have evolved to comprehend,” (as I remember the Gnostic teachings to be that Math is God’s language that we are held to learn, if my history holds) but rather that “we understand Math in terms of our basic Embodied Mind’s perceptions, and therefore our comprehension of systems that don’t adhere to those perceptions (quantum physics) falls apart”.
        What does it mean for light to be a wave of energy and a particle at the same time? That is the translation of the Mathematical language through our natural linguistic metaphorical system into our perceptual comprehension. That only means WE CAN NOT ACTUALLY COMPREHEND THE MATH in terms of our Embodied Mind.
        The limits to this Embodied Mind may very well be unknowable to us. Therefore we come up with equations that seem to work, but when they are all added together, they simplify to 1=0=∞
        Or something like that, if I understand their proposition.

      • In other words:
        There MAY be some aspect of the Universe that we *can*not* comprehend because it will not fit into the categories of our perceptions; therefore we can not create a mathematical equation (linguistical expression) for it, and therefore our sum-of-equations becomes 1=0=∞. However, even that statement is misleading, because “aspect” is a metaphor based on the “parts” metaphor based on the “thing” metaphor which is rooted in our handful (pun intended) of Base Metaphors of the Embodied Mind; since we can understand “things” and “parts” therefore “aspects”, we could then ultimately understand what is is I am saying we can not.
        So we are stuck in a linguistical conundrum, and Math is very rooted in those same Base Metaphors of the Embodied Mind.
        Many call that “aspect” the “spiritual dimension”; but that uses words and therefore metaphors that we can understand.
        Taoist say that the Tao that can be spoken of is no the Tao.
        Somewheres in the Christian Bible it says God has no “name” other than “God” because naming “God” limits “him” to a metaphor, which is comprehend-able to us.
        Other “religions” say “God” has so many, many names (or in Hindu there are many Gods which are all part of the greater One), again because limiting “him” to a single metaphor is misleading us in to thinking we can ultimately comprehend “him”.

      • Finally, I ask, and subtly suggest in these comments, does the Embodied Mind and its natural ability to comprehend Math yield Meditational Experiences of Oneness with the Universe combined with the understanding that ultimately we are nothing in the face of everything, yet we are that everything? 1=0=∞

  18. The speed of light is not infinite, if it was your eyes couldn’t see colors, each color is a fixed speed that your retina and brain understand.Einstein is still right.

  19. Just as Eisteins theory took us beyond Newtons understanding. New theories like this will take us beyond Einsteins. It’s an exciting time with the competing theories about time, space and other dimensions.

  20. @Lynx: I gotchu, bro

  21. My bs meter has hit the speed of infinity my attention tubes have melted and above all else the price of eggs in China has remained the same as yesterday.

  22. @Lynx – yup!

  23. Einstein’e relativity is a wrong theory. There is nothing called spacetime in nature, not to mention the existence of black holes as singularities of spacetime. All the theories based on relativistic spacetime model are wrong. The fatal mistake of Einstein’s relativity is that it uses Lorentz Transformation to redefine time and space and the newly defined time is no longer the physical time we measure with physical clocks. We know the physical time shown on any physical clock is T = tf/k where t is the theoretical time, f is the frequency of the clock and k is a reference frame independent calibration constant. In Newton’s mechanics, f is a reference frame independent constant too. Therefore, we can set k = f to make the clock show the theoretical time i.e. the absolute Galilean time: T = tf/k = tf/f = t.

    But in special relativity, frequency is a reference frame dependent variable and can’t be eliminated by setting k = f, thus, T can never be relativistic time t: T = tf/k != t. Therefore, relativistic time is never the clock time i.e. the physical time. On the other hand, when a clock is observed in another inertial reference frame, t’ = γt and f’ = f/γ and T’ = t’f’/k = γt(f/γ)/k = ft/k = T, which means that clock time won’t change with the change of the inertial reference frame, Lorentz invariant and absolute. That is, a clock still measures the absolute time in special relativity. As relativistic time is not the physical time we measure with physical clocks, special relativity is wrong.

    The fact that physical time (i.e. clock time) is absolute has been clearly demonstrated by the clocks on the GPS satellites which are synchronized not only relative to the ground clocks but also relative to each other, directly denies the claim of special relativity that clocks can never be synchronized relative to more than one inertial reference frame no matter how you correct them.

  24. Daurrie Kesslyn | January 18, 2019 at 11:36 am | Reply

    Besides the instruction as cause for everything imminent in existence, a function of polarity as (residual) provisional augmentations of space, light was created with space at its boundaries. The structures and compositions of matter upon their creation are derived from the atomic and subatomic plenums, expressed as sine derivation with (timed-tined-polarity, two time grids – one next to one) polarity’s (spin to tine time) all collective arrangements of these tiny constituents (polarity’s sines to twine-time) for motions of all mechanical macroscopic facts. (particle-wave)

    CP Violation

    (Spatial spin speed or universal quantum field proxies, all approximate, proximate differential variable(s) restrained by (splitting) gravitation into the other forces thus combining energy/mass to quanta/time, vice versa, [these immeasurable atomic, subatomic collective arrangements, field forms of the immaterial, some subatomic parts are also immaterial as an anti-particle’s integuments] like the unconscious as conflux to human consciousness… in an electric-magnetic dual!)

    This Truth May Scare You! (2018-2019)
    14:41
    Anonymous Official

  25. hiroji kurihara | January 20, 2019 at 6:58 pm | Reply

    Equivalence principle

    On a plain, imagine two gravity sources and fine circular waves (gravity). On every point, vector of two gravity acts as a resultant force and there is a point where the resultant force disappears. Next, gravity source is one. Huge elevator cabin is in free fall. Fortunately, this elevator is empty. So, resultant force of gravity and inertial force that acts on every point of the structure does not disappear.

    Sorry, I cannot receive E-mail. I do not have PC.

    http://www.geocities.co.jp/Technopolis/2561/eng.html

  26. hiroji kurihara | January 26, 2019 at 7:43 pm | Reply

    Equivalence Principle

    Let’s start from accelerated motion. Many substances (solids, fluids, etc) are moving in various accelerated motion. According to this motion, inertial force occurs. Imagine water of a current. Involvement between inertial force and gravity will be on resultant force only.《P.S.》Acceleration is not relative and inertial force is not fictitious. The two are corresponding qualitatively and quantitatively.

    Sorry, I cannot receive E-mail. I do not have PC.

    http://www.geocities.co.jp/Technopolis/2561/eng.html

  27. hiroji kurihara | February 9, 2019 at 6:56 pm | Reply

    Equivalence principle

    Free fall of an elevator will be (one of the) problems of resultant force (composition of forces). All will be explicable as a problem of resultant force.

    There are two pictures. In each picture, vector of two forces (f = f’) acting on a point are drawn. Direction of vectors is opposite (right and left). In one picture, forces are gravity and gravity. In the other picture, gravity and inertial force. Two pictures will not be the same (an infinite small area will be also).

    Sorry, I cannot receive E-mail. I do not have PC.

    http://www.geocities.co.jp/Technopolis/2561/eng.html

  28. Science will never be able to find out and understand many phenomena in the universe because it does not know the basis of the universe. First of all, no one knows what is matter, how and from what forms and how gravity and magnetism originate and who causes them. Besides this, science did not understand the sequence of formation and processes of the origin and disappearance of celestial bodies. Black holes are not the result of a star explosion. They are created under the influence of gravity, when in a given system, it accumulates so much mass that it represents a critical mass and critical gravity, when the matter returns to the form of the substance from which it was formed, and that substance is Aether that fills the infinite universe. Einstein’s Fatamagoras have been entangled in science, and to this day, many theories are unsurpassed and have no foothold in natural laws.

  29. Hiroji Kurihara | March 17, 2019 at 7:19 pm | Reply

    Gravitational acceleration

    Who started to say gravitational acceleration ? Is it a technical term really ? It seems to be an adjective.

    Is there a difference between an acceleration caused by an ordinal force ? If there is not a difference, a thing called gravitational acceleration will not exist.

  30. Hiroji kurihara | May 2, 2019 at 8:03 pm | Reply

    Allow me to show new URL of my web site (service of geocities japan ends on Mar 2019).
    http://lifeafterdeath.vip/eng.html

  31. Hiroji kurihara | May 24, 2019 at 7:35 pm | Reply

    Equivalence principle

    Every inertial force is measurable. Every gravitational force is measurable also. Principally. In an elevator in free fall, there is no exception.

  32. Hiroji kurihara | May 29, 2019 at 4:52 pm | Reply

    An elevator in free fall

    Are the two indistinguishable? Vector of the two are opposite.

  33. hiroji Kurihara | May 30, 2019 at 6:05 pm | Reply

    Equivalence principle

    In space, there are two gravitational sources (point source). In the middle of the two, a small area is selected. This area will be a state of weightlessness (not zero gravity). Like an elevator in free fall.

  34. Gerges Francis Tawdrous | June 2, 2019 at 10:21 am | Reply

    Best Regards
    E=mc2
    Why This Equation Is Incomplete One?
    The matter is created in motion (my hypothesis)
    That means without motion the matter will be perished –
    The motion here means the matter outer motion – as the moon motion around Earth- and I don’t mean the atoms motion inside the matter-
    So
    The Matter is created with the space because the space is the necessary component for the matter motion-
    That means
    The matter and space are created from the same origin to be complementary to each other
    That’s why the previous Equation is incomplete one
    ETotal = EMass + ESpace
    So
    ETotal = mc2 + ESpace
    This is The complete Equation
    Please read my paper
    Special Theory Of Relativity (Questions For Discussion)
    https://www.academia.edu/39341580/Special_Theory_Of_Relativity_Questions_for_Discussion
    Or
    https://www.slideshare.net/Gergesfrancis/special-theory-of-relativity-questions-for-discussion-148611741
    Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292

  35. Free fall

    There is inumerable vectors of inertial forces and gravity everywhere. On an elevator cabin, why they are making a big fuss ?

  36. Difference of motion

    Differene of inertial motion and accelerated motion will be difference of motion relative to aether frame. And accelerated motion and inertial force are the front and back of a fact. Inertial force is not a fictitious force.

  37. Horizontal Doppler effect

    On a plane, pararell lines are drawn. On each line, light sources (frequency is the same ) are moving in the opposite direction. Imagine light sources form japanese letter エ. Phenomenon horizontal Doppler effect will not be.

  38. New equivalence principle ?

    A passenger car is accelerating (at a, to the right). A body is hung from the roof by a string. Can the string distinguish mg caused by acceleration and by gravity ? No, it is a joke. But a picture of an elevator seems to be a joke also.

  39. Accelerated motion
    Accelerated motion will be the motion relative to aether frame. Vector causes the same vector of inertial force. Gravity has no connection.

    From every inertial frame, accelerated motion is possible to know qualitatively and quantitatively.

  40. Hiroji kurihara | October 2, 2019 at 9:22 pm | Reply

    A site on anti relativity
    A web site written by member volunteers of Japan science council is now being published (in Japanese). URL is http://reriron.kage-tora.com

  41. Hiroji kurihara | October 13, 2019 at 11:16 pm | Reply

    Equivalence principle
    Two forces the same vector in strength are acting on a particle from the opposite. The two are inertial force, tension and gravity. Different combinations are three. Forget the equivalence principle.

  42. Hiroji kurihara | October 16, 2019 at 3:57 pm | Reply

    Equivalence principle
    From the roof of an elevator cabin, a body is hung by a string. The elevator begins acceleration upward. Can the string distinguish between gravity and inertial force ?

  43. Hiroji kurihara | October 26, 2019 at 10:54 am | Reply

    Equivalence principle
    An elevator in free fall is explained fully by Newton. There is no room for Einstein.

  44. Hiroji kurihara | October 30, 2019 at 1:33 pm | Reply

    Gravitational mass and inertial mass
    A point mass is falling in free fall. According to the law of action and reaction, gravity and inertial force are equal. And g and a, as acceleration are equal also (direction is opposite). So, two mass are equal (mass is mass !?).

  45. Hiroji kurihara | October 30, 2019 at 6:54 pm | Reply

    Acceleration and non acceleration
    On a plane (no friction), there is a body. Difference between the two above will be evident. It is enough to keep an eye on inertial force.

  46. Hiroji kurihara | October 31, 2019 at 2:03 pm | Reply

    Inertial force
    Inertial force is depending on m. So, it is not fictitious.

  47. Hiroji kurihara | October 31, 2019 at 2:34 pm | Reply

    Acceleration and non acceleration
    On a plane, there is a body. Different between the two above will be evident. It is enough to keep an eye on inertial force.

  48. Hiroji kurihara | November 1, 2019 at 7:03 pm | Reply

    Acceleration
    True identity of acceleration must be shown by inertial force or geometrical expression of motion starting from an inertial frame. Though it is a great formula ; F = ma, acceleration will not be connected directly to external force.

  49. Hiroji kurihara | November 12, 2019 at 8:08 pm | Reply

    Inertial force

    On a slope (no friction), a body is sliding down. Action is gravity mg. Then, how about the reaction ? It is resolved to two vectors. Inertial force is not fictitious.

  50. Hiroji kurihara | November 13, 2019 at 2:39 pm | Reply

    Equivalence principle is nonsense (I say again)

    An elevator in free fall is explained fully by Newton. No different explanation is possible. And it is the same even if limited to the infinite small area.

  51. Hiroji kurihara | November 16, 2019 at 3:59 pm | Reply

    Inertial force is not fictitious

    On a plane, there are two bodies. One is at a standstill, the other is accelerating. Acceleration (a) and inertial force (ma) both are not fictitious.

    There are two disks. One is not rotating, the other is rotating. Acceleration and inertial force both are not fictitious.

  52. Acceleration

    From nothing, a seems not to emerge. By acceleration of body relative to aether, am will emerge. Qualitatively and quantitatively.

  53. Hiroji kurihara | November 21, 2019 at 4:17 pm | Reply

    Acceleration (I say again)

    On a plane, a straight line is drawn. On this line, two bodies are receding. One is at a standstill, the other is accelerated uniformly. On the one, inertial force is emerging but not on the other. All is shown by a and ma.

    But what distinguishes acceleration and nonacceleration ? In above picture, uniform isotropic aether will be hidden. This picture is not picture of geometry.

  54. Hiroji kurihara | November 23, 2019 at 3:22 pm | Reply

    Space is rest frame

    Into space, let us draw plural vectors of acceleration a. Space will be rest frame.

  55. Hiroji kurihara | December 16, 2019 at 3:22 pm | Reply

    Elf fires

    Are there still berievers of relativity? Elf fires. It is not a thing of this world.

  56. Hiroji kurihara | January 5, 2020 at 8:45 pm | Reply

    Equivalence principle (I say again)

    Vector of inertial force is shown by an arrow. Vector of gravity cannot be shown by an arrow generally. The two are different generally as pHysics facts.

  57. Hiroji kurihara | January 11, 2020 at 8:25 pm | Reply

    Accelerated frame and non-accelerated frame

    There are plural accelerated frames and plural non-accelerated frames. The two will not be relative.

  58. Hiroji kurihara | February 14, 2020 at 2:40 pm | Reply

    Aether

    Speed of light relative to mediums (water or air) is constant. Speed of light relative to aether (physical substance) is constant also. Aberrations show this.

  59. Hiroji kurihara | March 6, 2020 at 9:04 pm | Reply

    About inertial force (I say again)

    On a plane, there are two passenger cars. One is accelerating and the other is at a standstill. Difference of the motion of the two is not relative but absolute.

    On a plane, a passenger car is accelerating. On the floor (no friction), a body is put. This body is not accelerated (to everyone). In physics of 20th century, nonsenses overflow.

  60. Hiroji kurihara | March 11, 2020 at 1:10 am | Reply

    Sagnac effect

    Let’s try to explain Sagnac effect by the emission theory. There is a picture of light pathes (a light source and two mirrors form equilateral triangle). On this triangle, there are three emission points,(different inertial frames). It will be a cause of this effect.

  61. Hiroji kurihara | March 23, 2020 at 2:01 am | Reply

    Equivalence principle

    Difference between acceleration and nonacceleration seems to be more basic. If so, equivalence principle is invalid.

  62. Hiroji kurihara | April 12, 2020 at 5:26 pm | Reply

    On acceleration, there is a web site as follows.

    “Orders of magnitude (acceleration) – Wikipedia”

  63. Hiroji kurihara | April 16, 2020 at 6:36 pm | Reply

    Acceleration and nonacceleration

    A passenger car is accelerating (uniformly). A body is hung from the roof, a body is placed on the floor (no friction) and a station building. Physics seems not to distinguish the three.

  64. Hiroji kurihara | May 2, 2020 at 8:40 pm | Reply

    Perihelion shift of Mercury

    Mercury revolving is decided in two (hemisphere A facing the sun and the other B). Inertial force is A<B and gravity is A>B (center of gravity is not on the orbit).

  65. Hiroji kurihara | May 3, 2020 at 6:25 pm | Reply

    Perihelion shift of Mercury

    Yesterday’s post must be the most natural explanation of perihelion shift of Mercury. Because the value of pergee movement of the moon is remarkable (around 8.85 years). On the other hand, value of asteroids will not be found. Common explanation is not acceptable.

  66. Hiroji kurihara | May 5, 2020 at 6:20 pm | Reply

    Perihelion shift of Mercury

    Perihelion shift moves forward constantly. It cannot be explained by gravity of other planets.

    On asteroids, no perihelion shift will be observed. Some size is needed.

    Cause of perigee movement of the moon is written to be the sun. But it will be the same phenomenon to perihelion shift of planets. Not acceptable.

  67. Hiroji kurihara | May 7, 2020 at 4:39 pm | Reply

    Perihelion shift of Mercury

    The value of perihelion shift of planets is constant. It will not be three body problem or many body problem. And it will be the same to binary star.

  68. Hiroji kurihara | May 11, 2020 at 5:25 pm | Reply

    Time dilation

    Two passenger cars are passing each other. At the front of side wall of each car, the same light source (frequency is the same also) is settled and light ray is emitted backward at 45 degrees. Each ray is reflected by mirror sticked on the side wall wholely and is coming back. Time dilation is impossible.

  69. Hiroji kurihara | May 29, 2020 at 5:37 pm | Reply

    Gravity lense

    Gravity lenses are said to be a positive evidence of GR. However if gravity of gravitational source can be estimated, which is real GR or Newton’s theory will be clarified.

  70. Hiroji kurihara | June 3, 2020 at 2:39 pm | Reply

    Perihelion shift of Mercury

    “It can be safely said that gravity of other planets has no effect on the perihelion shift of Mercury”. It’s in a website.

    Imagine that with long radius of orbit of Mercury, the space of the solar system is divided into left and right. The probability that other planets exist on the two is equal. There will be no shift of perihelion in one direction at constant speed (common view is wrong).

    But main cause of perihelion shift of Jupiter and Saturn will be mutual effect of gravity. Each perihelion is shifted every moment.

  71. Hiroji kurihara | June 6, 2020 at 5:26 pm | Reply

    Perihelion shift of Mercury

    There is a model of Mercury. A long lod penetrates a true sphere and at the both ends of the lod, weights are set. This model is rotating horizontally and is moving on the orbit of Mercury (two planes fall on). Main forces acting on the weights are gravity of the sun and inertial force (centrifugal force). And each force acting on the outside weight and inside weight is different.

    Inertial force pulls the orbit to the outside. But actual orbit of Mercury is pulled to the inside. Gravity of the sun acting on the two weights is inversely proportional to the square of the distance (not come out even. not plus minus zero). In Mercury, the action of gravity will be superior.

  72. Hiroji kurihara | June 10, 2020 at 2:52 pm | Reply

    Perihelion shift of Mercury

    A model of Mercury is shown previously. Now, there are plural models. Length of lods and mass of weight each is different. These are revoleved around separately on the real orbit of Mercury. Maybe, all will be explained by Newton’s theory (including 575 arcsec).

  73. Hiroji kurihara | June 10, 2020 at 7:13 pm | Reply

    Perihelion shift of Mercury

    Value 5.75 arcsec/year seems to be an observed value. In a website, contribution of other planets to this value is shown. These are added simply !! And value 5.75 arcsec (and contributions) seems to be constant every year !! On these problems, further explanation seems not to be done.

    I say again, other planets will not be main cause of this value 5.75 arcsec.

  74. Hiroji kurihara | June 15, 2020 at 3:09 pm | Reply

    Perihelion shift of Mercury

    This is the top of tall tower. Two rods of equal mass and different length are arranged vertically (heigth of center of gravity is the same). Now, two rods start to fall at the same time. The fall of center of gravity will not be the same. Because the strength of gravity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance. This will be the main cause for perihelion shift of Mercury.

  75. Hiroji kurihara | June 23, 2020 at 9:44 pm | Reply

    Perihelion shift of Mercury

    Let’s reconsider the main cause of perihelion shift again. On Mercury or Venus, main cause will be the size of sphere. On Earth or Mars, effect of satellite is added. On asteroids each, effects of size is negligible. On Jupiter or Saturn each, the powerful and unstable effect of the other will act. On Uranus or Neptune each, slight and unstable effect of the other all planets will act. Anyway, common view on Mercury is wrong.

  76. Hiroji kurihara | June 23, 2020 at 10:03 pm | Reply

    Perihelion shift of Mercury

    Mercury has an own size as a sphere. Therefore, the sun’s gravity will have a different effect on Mercury than it does on the center of gravity. Actual orbit will be different from that the center of gravity must follow. On Mercury, it will be the main cause of the perihelion shift.

  77. Hiroji kurihara | June 25, 2020 at 6:20 pm | Reply

    Perihelion shift of Mercury

    In an binary system (formed by main star and companion star), periapis is shifted also. Motion of companion star (apsidal shift) will be depending considerably on its size. Common view (says main cause is pertubation of other planets) will be invalid.

    Main cause of perihelion shift of Mercury is said to be gravity of the other planets. But position of other planets move (also position of perihelion of Mercury moves). If so, values 5.75 secarc/year is unthinkable. Main cause lwill be in Mercury itself. And also it will be the same on values of perihelion shift of the other planets.

  78. Hiroji kurihara | June 29, 2020 at 4:46 pm | Reply

    All of propagation of light (I say again)

    Bradley found annual aberration on gamma star : Eltanin. In books, picture of ellipse is shown. However, this ellipse must be warped because of secular aberration (not only Eltanin). With this warp, the motion of solar system relative to aether must be clarified.

    Light emitted from a source in outer space will follow the emission theory. But for a few seconds only. The corner cube settled on the surface of the moon proves this.

    The motion of an observer relative to light waves is the same as the motion of an observer relative to sound waves. Light waves are light waves. An observer is an observer. And everything follows Galilean transformation.

    The speed of light in medium is c/n. The MM experiment ( done in air) is nonsense.

  79. Hiroji kurihara | July 7, 2020 at 4:57 pm | Reply

    Perihelion shift of Mercury (the truth)

    In Mercury (in terms of Mercury’s size), the non-uniformity of the Sun’s gravity may be the main cause of perihelion shift. In artificial satellites, the effects of non-uniformity of the Earth’s gravity (the position of the center of mass and the center of gravity are different) are also mentioned.

  80. Hiroji kurihara | July 9, 2020 at 5:44 pm | Reply

    Perihelion shift of Mercury (rewritten)

    Mercury is moving on the revolution orbit. The sun’s gravity is equal to the centrifugal force. Because the two are action and reaction. Following are some explanations. Centrifugal force follows Mercury’s mass. But in addition, gravity is affected by the size of Mercury (and acting position of gravity is different). These are caused by the non-uniformity of gravity (in the space occupied by Mercury). And after perihelion passage, orbit will be pulled inward (from its original orbit).

    High tide level twice a day is the same. Gravity and centrifugal force caused by the moon will be action and reaction. Centrifugal force is not fictitious.

  81. Hiroji kurihara | July 16, 2020 at 1:48 am | Reply

    Moon and earth (an essay)

    In an illustration, the moon and the earth are drawn side by side. Because of the lunar attractive force, seawater is bulged in the left and right edges of the round earth. The bulge is symmetrical. Two resultant forces pull two bulges (to the opposite direction : outward). Two resultant forces each are composed of the lunar attractive force and the centrifugal force caused by earth’s orbital motion (moves around the common center of gravity with the moon). Two resultant forces will be equal strength. This will explain that the level of high tides twice a day are generally the same.

    Also, the lunar attractive force acting on the earth’s center of gravity (not the center of mass) and the centrifugal force resulting from its orbital motion (mentioned above) will be action-reaction and will be equal.

    P.S. Is action-reaction in the sky exactly equal ?

  82. Hiroji kurihara | July 17, 2020 at 10:35 pm | Reply

    Moon and Earth (rewritten)

    Suppose the moon and the earth is two-body problem. And imagine, the earth is revolving (not rotating) around the common center of gravity with the moon. The orbit is a perfect circle. If lunar attractive force acting on the center of gravity of the earth is action, the centrifugal force of the earth is a reaction. And the strength of the two will be equal. This will be also true for the earth as a whole.

    In an illustration, the earth is drawn next to moon. Imagine two points on the surface of the earth closest to the moon and farthest from the moon. The difference between lunar attractive force and the centrifugal force of the earth at above two points will be almost equal and therefore the resultant force will also be almost equal. This will explain that the level of high tides twice a day are almost equal.

    Note: Is the law of action and reaction valid for celestial bodies on elliptical orbits ?

  83. Hiroji kurihara | July 24, 2020 at 9:26 pm | Reply

    Moon and earth (rewritten again)

    Allow me to rewrite again.

    Moon and earth are supposed to be two-body problem. Also it is supposed that the common center of gravity of moon and earth is situated outside the earth. And the orbit of earth is a perfect circle, and earth is a perfect sphere. In the illustration, the surface of earth closest to moon is A and the surface farthest from moon is B. At the two points A and B, the strength of resultant forces of moon’s gravity and centrifugal force (of earth) will be the same (act to opposite directions). Otherwise, earth cannot stay on orbit of perfect circle. This will explain that the level of high tide twice a day are the same.

  84. Hiroji kurihara | August 1, 2020 at 7:01 pm | Reply

    Moon and earth (an essay)

    As moon passes overhead, high tide (one of two high tides a day) will come after a short delay. But why ? Why is seawater with a low specific gravity bulged ? Newton imagined that moon will continue falling. Earth will continue falling also. And seawater will cotinue falling too. So, it doesn’t matter how specific gravity is.

  85. Hiroji kurihara | August 7, 2020 at 7:25 pm | Reply

    Pelihelion shift of Mercury (an essay)

    Some wide binaries are separated by one light years. And many wide binaries are at most (as much as) by 1000 au. These motion will be treated as mass points (a point). On the other hand, many close binaries are detected. What are physicists who repeat nonsense on perihelion shift of Mercury ?

  86. Hiroji kurihara | August 8, 2020 at 5:02 pm | Reply

    Moon and earth (an essay)

    Moon and earth are supposed to be two-body problem. In the illustration, the surface of earth closest to moon is A and the surface farthest from moon is B. At the two points A and B, the strength of resultant forces of moon’s gravity and centrifugal force (of earth) will be the same (act to opposite directions). It will be proved by the sameness of high tides.

    Also it will be proved by stability of orbits of each body.

  87. Hiroji kurihara | August 14, 2020 at 2:02 am | Reply

    Moon and earth (an essay)

    Moon and earth are supposed to be two-body problem. Also supposed that common center of gravity of the two is outside of earth : the orbit of earth is perfect circle : and earth is a perfefct sphere. The strength of moon’s attractive force acting on earth and centrifugal force due to revolution of earth are equal in total (as action reaction : as centrifugal force and centrepital force).

    The points on the surface of earth closest to moon is A and the surface farthest from moon is B. It will mean that the forces acting on the two points AB must be offset. It will explaine that level of high tides twice a day is the same.

  88. Hiroji kurihara | August 15, 2020 at 5:06 pm | Reply

    Perihelion shift of Mercury (again)

    The main forces acting on Mercury are attractive force of sun and centrifugal force only. Hemisphere of Mercury facing sun is supposed to be A and the other hemisphere is B. The attractive force of the sun acting on the two will be A>B, and the centrifugal force will be B>A. From the look of the perihelion shift, the attractive force acting on Mercury as a whole will be slightly stronger.

  89. Hiroji kurihara | August 28, 2020 at 3:41 pm | Reply

    Perihelion shift of Mercury (an essay)

    A celestial body called Vulcan is revolving on orbit of Mercury. It has the same mass and revolution cycle as Mercury. And diameter is twohold (the both stars are uniform in density). Since the sun’s gravitational field is non-uniform, the sun’s gravity acting on both stars will be slightly larger in Vulcan and smaller in Mercury. The value of perihelion shift also likely will be similar. In short, the size of the celestial body (close to the gravitational source like Mercury) will be the main reason for the perihelion shift.

    Imagine a cone with evenly spaced concentric circles on its surface. The non-uniformity of gravity will be exponential non-uniformity.

  90. Hiroji kurihara | August 30, 2020 at 12:48 pm | Reply

    Perihelion shift of Mercury (an essay)

    On planets, it is said that centrifugal force caused by orbital motion is balanced with attractive force of sun (and the action and reaction are equal). On Mercury, it will stand up also. But exactly ? Solar wind or some other solar- derived substances seem to go down slightly speed of orbital motion of Mercury (one of perturbation ?). If so, centrifugal force will be reduced accordingly. On the other hand, attractive force of sun will not be affected at all. This may be the main reason for the perihelion movement of Mercury.

  91. Propagation of gravity

    The propagation of gravity will be done in an instant. For this, here are two reasons. One reason is that two-body problem, many-body problem are true for celestial bodies. The other reason is that the whole solar system is in an uniform linear motion and planets are in elliptical revolution on their revolution planes.

  92. Isn’t it amazing what a spinning Top does on top of a levitating frisby

  93. Unless you know how to shrink the kids, spinning Tops make Smurfs get high

  94. Oh mary Mary quite contrary how does your garden grow…..overnight

  95. But then I can recharge wirelessly with a delighted If I choose to

  96. Hiroji kurihara | October 10, 2020 at 7:46 pm | Reply

    Centrifugal force : reconsidering

    Two mass points a and b (with large difference of mass) are in motion of two-body problem (a large, b small). One picture is in outer space, and the knot of a,b is gravity (b is in a circular motion). The other picture is on a plane (no friction), and the knot is tension of a string (the mass of the string is zero). In the two pictures, the centrifugal force of b is a vector that is on the extension line of a,b. The reaction is gravity in one picture and tension of the string in the other picture. Where and how is the centripetal force?

    Tension of the string between a and b is constant. Gravity is not constant.

  97. Hiroji kurihara | October 15, 2020 at 5:11 pm | Reply

    Inertial force is not fictitious

    Three passenger cars are moving in different accelerated motions. These are shown with the formula, F = ma, 2F = m2a, 3F = m3a. Inertial force will not be fictitious (even for those in the passenger car).

  98. Hiroji kurihara | October 26, 2020 at 3:40 pm | Reply

    About free fall

    Is there a unified explanation for free fall and similar form of fallings ? Is there a unified explanation for the local inertial frame and the adjacent spots ? Probably not.

  99. Hiroji kurihara | October 27, 2020 at 4:51 pm | Reply

    Local inertial frame

    An elevator is falling in free fall. On a horizontal plane, multiple observers are moving in uniform linear motions. For these observers, the elevator draws parabola and is in an accelerated frame. This is, the accelerated frame and the non-accelerated frame all are white and black. This means that there is no inertial frame in the accelerated frame. Even it be local.

  100. Hiroji kurihara | October 28, 2020 at 11:37 pm | Reply

    About inertial force

    In the action-reaction law, inertial force is always a reaction. Attention, action is a force and reaction is also a force. The accepted view that inertial force is fictitious force and has no reaction is unacceptable.

  101. Hiroji kurihara | October 30, 2020 at 5:31 pm | Reply

    About inertial force

    A body is placed on a plane (no friction). The body has two strings (zero mass), the left string is tied to a wall and the right string is pulled by the force ma to the right.

    Then the left string is removed. The body begins accelerating by force ma to the right. There is no change in the tension of the right string. According to the action-reaction law, inertial forces cannot be fictitious.

  102. Hiroji kurihara | November 1, 2020 at 2:03 pm | Reply

    Rotary motion (in vacuum)

    A disk is rotating (relative to the celestial sphere). At any mass point on the disk apart from the center, centripetal force is acting as action and centrifugal force is acting as reaction. Both are not fictitious force.

    Two disks A and B the same are rotating. The rotary speed of A is twice the rotary speed of B. The physical effect (of dynamics) of rotation does not extend beyond the disks.

  103. Hiroji kurihara | November 4, 2020 at 2:53 pm | Reply

    Action-reaction law (reposting)

    The original text of Newton’s third law starts with action and reaction (F=-F). But many texts in books and websites start with two bodies (objects). Why? To prevent people from realizing that the inertial force is not fictitious force, but true force.

  104. Hiroji kurihara | November 4, 2020 at 10:39 pm | Reply

    Local inertial frame

    On a plane (no friction), two elevators are separating horizontally. One is in accelerated motion, the other is in non-accelerated motion. With an accelerometer, it is possible to determine which one is accelerating. And there is no local inertial frame in an accelerating elevator.

  105. Hiroji kurihara | November 6, 2020 at 1:04 pm | Reply

    Local inertial frame

    An elevator is falling in free fall. Imagine many mass points regularly arranged in space inside the elevator. The direction and magnitude of vectors of the inertial force acting on the mass points are all the same. There will be no local inertial frame.

    Inertial force and gravity are acting on each mass point in the falling elevator. Is the action-reaction law valid for these two forces ? However, it is not problem of relativity.

  106. Hiroji kurihara | November 8, 2020 at 9:57 pm | Reply

    About emission theory

    The speed of light inside glass is c / n. And it is said that in the space between molecules in glass, light moves at c. If so, the speed of light going out of the glass (to vacuum) will also be c. The emission theory will be correct.

  107. Emission theory (restating)

    Light is emitted from two point sources. The two are moving in relative motion. Frequency is assumed to be the same. The speed of lights is the same for each of the two light source frame (wavelength is the same also). In short, the propagation of light will follow the motion of the light source. The natural explanation will be the emission theory. It is a hypothesis that emission theory is valid only for a few seconds.

  108. Hiroji kurihara | November 13, 2020 at 6:15 pm | Reply

    Emission theory

    Emission theory will be valid on the light leaving light source (in vacuum). But it will be valid for a few seconds only. And it will explain all of the behavior of light. No special treatment is needed. Galilean transformation is everything. Space-time is absolute. Goodbye Lorentz transformation. Goodbye warped coordinates.

  109. Hiroji kurihara | November 14, 2020 at 4:55 pm | Reply

    Speed of light can vary (restating)

    For an observer, speed of sound waves and water surface waves can vary. It is the same for light waves propagating through aether. It is the same also for light waves that follow the emission theory. Goodby relativity.

  110. Hiroji kurihara | November 16, 2020 at 7:28 pm | Reply

    Acceleration and non-acceleration (inference)

    A passenger car is accelerating to the right. In rear of the car, there is a light source and in front, an observer. The number of waves existing in the passenger car during acceleration will be larger than before acceleration. The difference between acceleration and non-acceleration will not be relative but be absolute. PS : Inside of the passenger car is vacuum.

  111. Hiroji kurihara | April 3, 2021 at 6:28 pm | Reply

    Space and time will be absolute (a supposition)

    Perhaps, space and time each will be absolute. Each will not be affected by any phenomenon or situation (at all). If so, relativity is impossible.

  112. Hiroji kurihara | April 19, 2021 at 7:46 pm | Reply

    Constancy of speed of light will be impossible

    Plane waves of light come from the upper left (in outer space) and is incident on two glass cubes A and B. A is stationary and B is moving upward at a constant speed. Wavelength of light in cubes is A > B. Since speed of coming light relative to the cubes is different, the wavelength in the cubes is also different.

  113. Hiroji kurihara | April 19, 2021 at 7:49 pm | Reply

    Constancy of speed of light is impossible

    Plane waves of light come from the upper left (in outer space) and is incident on two glass cubes A and B. A is stationary and B is moving upward at a constant speed. Wavelength of light in cubes is A > B. Since speed of coming light relative to the cubes is different, the wavelength in the cubes is also different.

  114. Hiroji kurihara | April 24, 2021 at 6:01 pm | Reply

    Constancy of speed of light (Reexamination)

    Constancy of speed of light is not possible always. No, it will be possible limitedly in the following two events only. Btw, speed of light in mediums is not subject of this reexamination.

    1) A geometric point and a light source are in the same inertial frame. Distance between the two is supposed to be within a few light seconds.
    2) A geometric point is stationary in aether frame. Light propagated in aether comes to this point. Distance from the light source is supposed to be more than a few light seconds.

    Translated with http://www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)

  115. Hiroji kurihara | May 31, 2021 at 2:09 pm | Reply

    It will be impossible

    Constancy of light speed will be impossible. It will be clear if the formula c = f λ is looked at.
    Equivalence principle will be impossible. It will be clear if the formula F = m a is looked at.

  116. Hiroji kurihara | July 9, 2021 at 6:05 pm | Reply

    Allow me to rewrite my post (24.April).

    Constancy of speed of light (Reexamination)

    Constancy of speed of light is not possible always. No, it will be
    possible limitedly in the following two events only. Btw, speed of
    light in mediums is not subject of this reexamination.

    1) A measurement point and a light source are stationary in the same
    inertial frame. Distance between the two is within a few light
    seconds. Speed of light is c.
    2) A measurement point is stationary in aether frame. Light
    propagated in aether is coming to this point. Distance from the
    light source is more than a few light sveconds. Speed of light will
    not be c.

    Translated with http://www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)

  117. Hiroji kurihara | July 14, 2021 at 3:16 pm | Reply

    Supplement to my post (July 9)

    1) In space far from light source, propagation of light follows aether frame. See again various aberrations.
    2) In space close to light source, propagation of light follows the emission theory. See again various facts.
    3) In outer space, a mirror is moving at a uniform speed. Plane waves of light of a star are reflected by this mirror. 1) and 2) must be seen as facts.

  118. Hiroji kurihara | August 6, 2021 at 5:30 pm | Reply

    Aether

    Existence of aether (uniform isotropic) is precondition for Newton’s first and second laws of motion. There can be no other explanation.

  119. Hiroji kurihara | August 19, 2021 at 6:43 pm | Reply

    Aberration (reexamination)

    Aberration is caused by various motions of Earth relative to stationary aether (uniform isotropic). Light that enters upper air of Earth (from aether) is bent in the direction of motion of Earth. As a phenomenon, aberration is completed in the upper air. The same as refraction.

    Therefore, illustration of raindrops and an umbrella is NG. Result of Airy’s experiment with a water-filled telescope is only natural. It is said that apparent displacement of stars is displaced in the direction of Earth’s motion, but in fact, it will be the opposite. You can check this by drawing light bending (in upper air) on a paper.

  120. Hiroji kurihara | September 3, 2021 at 9:09 pm | Reply

    Free fall (reexamination)

    Problem of free fall in an elevator will be problem of resultant force of inertial force and gravity (nothing else). In any local area, it will be so also.
    Note: Inertial forces acting on every local area of the cabin (supposition: mass of every local area is m) is the same ma.
    Note: External force (gravity) and inertial force acting on entire cabin are equal (Newton’s second law and third law of motion). How about in local area ? To image will not be difficult.

  121. Hiroji kurihara | September 5, 2021 at 8:44 pm | Reply

    Supplement to my post (sep 3 2021)

    Even in a resultant force, inertial force is inertial force, and gravity is gravity. Vector follows own law each and is inviolable.

    Cabin is made by a 3D printer. Material is uniform.

    On a plane (no fliction), elevator cabin is moving in a uniformly accelerated linear motion (to the right). Inertial force acting on every local area (mass is m) of the cabin is the same ma (vector is the same also).

  122. Hiroji kurihara | September 6, 2021 at 6:21 pm | Reply

    Free fall (an essay)

    An elevator cabin is falling in free fall. Cabin is made up of n mass points (with the same mass of m). Free fall is supposed to be a uniform acceleration.

    Inertial force acting on each mass point is the same ma. No exceptions. On the other hand, magnitude of gravity acting on each mass point is not the same slightly. Difference depends on the position of the mass point. P.S. For the entire cabin, magnitude of inertial force and gravity is equal.

    • Michelson-Morley Experiment

      In a book Theory of Relativity by Pauli, W 1958, it’s written as follows (quoted from English version ; in 1-6). “Rather should one say that for an observer moving with medium, light is propagated as usual with velocity c/n in all directions”. It seems to be the “very and true explanation” for M-M experiment (done in air) !!

      There is Einstein’s saying the same as above Pauli’s. Therefore, probably, he said that he didn’t know M-M experiment (and he mutters, “It is (done in air) is nonsense and I have no obligation to talk about it”).

  123. Hiroji kurihara | October 20, 2021 at 6:50 pm | Reply

    Lorentz contraction

    Plane waves of starlight (wavelength is constant) is arriving from upper left 45 degrees. Two spacecrafts are sailing in the right and left directions. Number of waves hitting the front and rear ends (A and B) of each spacecraft is the same. Therefore, number of waves existing between A and B is invariant (for both spacecrafts, regardless of lateral motion). Lorentz contractions will be impossible.

    Relativity of simultaneity will be impossible also.

  124. Hiroji kurihara | October 28, 2021 at 4:37 pm | Reply

    Free fall (an essay)
    Rewriting of my past post (Sep 6 2021)

    An elevator cabin is falling in free fall. Cabin is made up of n mass points (with the same mass of m). Imagine a single moment of falling.

    Inertial force acting on each mass point is the same ma. No exceptions. On the other hand, magnitude of gravity acting on each mass point is not the same slightly. Difference depends on the position of the mass point.
    P.S. For the entire cabin, magnitude of inertial force and gravity is equal.

  125. Hiroji kurihara | October 31, 2021 at 4:27 pm | Reply

    Speed of light (an essay)

    The defined value of speed of light is based on measurements (with wavelength and frequency) done by Evenson et al. in 1973. Error is 1.1 m / s in pramai. Now measuring instrument is separated into a measuring part and a light source part. When one of them is moved at a constant speed higher than above error (in the direction of light path), different value will be obtained.

  126. Hiroji kurihara | November 2, 2021 at 6:45 pm | Reply

    Speed of light

    In outer space, plane waves of starlight are coming from just above. A spacecraft is sailing horizontally. What should we think of speed of the spacecraft relative to light waves (c=fλ) and relative to photons (light rays)?

  127. Hiroji kurihara | November 21, 2021 at 3:04 pm | Reply

    About light (re-post)

    ◎ How are light waves propagated ?
    1) Emission theory (for a few seconds only)
    2) On aether (after the above)
    ◎ How are light sources visible ?
    1) For celestial bodies beyond a few light-years, effect of emission theory is too small to be found (e.g. binary stars). So, every celestial body is visible to be stationary on aether (celestial sphere). Also by various aberrations.
    2) Moon is by emission theory.
    3) Celestial bodies in solar system (excluding moon) are depending on planetary aberrations. Also, depending on other aberrations (but, is secular aberration offset ?).
    ◎ Motion of light seen by observers
    Same as bodies. Follows Galilean transformation. Constancy of speed of light cannot be hypothesized. By the way, light waves (speed = fλ) and photons (rays) are basically different. Especially in outer space.

  128. Hiroji kurihara | December 3, 2021 at 4:22 pm | Reply

    Acceleration and non-acceleration

    A passenger car is accelerating to the right. In the car, lights (frequency is constant) are emitted from light source settled on rear and front walls, and at the center of the car, interference fringes are observed. Varying of interference fringes will reflect varying of acceleration. Sagnac effect like will also occur in a straight line.

  129. Hiroji kurihara | December 3, 2021 at 4:37 pm | Reply

    Acceleration and non-acceleration

    A passenger car is moving in a uniform accelerated motion to the right. In the car, a ray of light emitted downward from the roof will be bent to the left (as a parabola). Defference of acceleration and non-acceleration is not relative (but absolute).

  130. Hiroji kurihara | December 3, 2021 at 7:31 pm | Reply

    Gravitational time dilation

    Laser beam (frequency is constant) emitted from the ground is reflected by the mirror at the top of the high tower, and returned to the ground. Frequency at these three points is the same. There is no time dilation.

  131. Hiroji kurihara | December 4, 2021 at 3:04 pm | Reply

    Time delation

    A point light source is shining (frequency is constant). Two spacecrafts are moving away from the light source in opposite directions at the same speed (three are on a straight line). Two spacecrafts are receiving light of the same frequency. There is no time delation.

  132. Hiroji kurihara | December 4, 2021 at 3:28 pm | Reply

    Speed of light Varies

    A spacecraft equipped with a frequency measuring device is moving on an optical path of light of a star coming into outer space. Wavelength of incoming star light is not affected by motion of the spacecraft (at all). That is, the speed of light varies in the formula of speed of light = frequency x wavelength.

  133. Hiroji kurihara | December 4, 2021 at 3:59 pm | Reply

    Propagation of light

    Propagation of light follows aether frame, emission theory, and air (medium) frame. In either case, speed of light will not be constant for moving observers.

  134. Hiroji kurihara | December 4, 2021 at 5:36 pm | Reply

    About aether

    Existence of aether (uniformly isotropic) will be the prerequisite for Newton’s first and second laws of motion. There can be no other explanation (ground).

  135. Inertial force is not fictitious

    On a plane (without friction), a body is pulled to the left by two strings and to the right by one string. The tension of each string is the same F. That is, the body is accelerating to the left. Inertial force is not fictitious (Newton’s third law of motion holds at the left end of the body).

  136. Hiroji kurihara | February 2, 2022 at 9:05 pm | Reply

    Notices on anti-relativity

    Shown below (notices are mine, selected) will be plain and definite (sorry, in English are 5 and in Japanese are 34 notices).

    http://www.asyura.com/0306/idletalk2/msg/1242.html2

  137. Hiroji kurihara | February 4, 2022 at 4:14 pm | Reply

    Sorry, URL of the post above is invalid. Valid is….

    http://www.asyura.com/0306/idletalk2/msg/1242.html

  138. Hiroji kurihara | February 12, 2022 at 6:04 pm | Reply

    Selected notices in English

    28 selected notices (anti relativity) in English are added in a site below. Yes, these are selected.

    http://www.asyura.com/0306/idletalk2/msg/1242.html

  139. Aberration on the moon

    Many of widely accepted explanations for aberration will be right if these are on the moon. Illustration of raindrops and an umbrella will be OK. But as already mentioned, aberration on the earth is completed in the upper atmosphere. The explanation for aberration of earth must be rewritten.

    Aberration (both on the moon and on the earth) is incompatible with constançy of the speed of light, and existence of aether is a prerequisite.

  140. Hiroji kurihara | March 10, 2022 at 6:01 pm | Reply

    Perihelion shift of Mercury (an essay)

    Perihelion shift of Mercury is about 574 arcsec per century, and main cause is said to be perturbations due to the gravity of other planets (Venus is about 280 arcsec, Jupiter is about 150 arcsec).

    There is a question. At the left end and the right end of the orbit of Mercury (a view from above), force that accelerates and decelerates Mercury by perturbation by other planets will be equal (in probability). Especially in the span of the century. Main cause will not be gravity of other planets.
    P.S. Perturbations of other planets will be caused only by the position of these on the orbits (and speed of gravity will be infinite).

  141. Hiroji kurihara | March 12, 2022 at 4:42 pm | Reply

    Bending of light (by gravity)

    Light will not be bent by gravity. Because…
    1) At the center of Milky Way galaxy (where we live), it’s said that a black hole exists. Around it, several stars are revolving. These orbits seem to be natural.
    2) How about a star, before it is occulted by the moon or Jupiter ?

  142. Hiroji kurihara | March 19, 2022 at 4:54 pm | Reply

    Accelerated motion & light

    On the moon’s surface, a passenger car is accelerating to the right. A starlight (horizontal) is passing through a hole A in the front wall, and reaches B in the rear wall of the passenger car. Frequencies of A and B will be the same. Therefore, number of waves existing between A and B will be constant (even at different accelerations). Above is not only for uniform acceleration but also for non-uniform acceleration.

    On the moon’s surface, a passenger car is accelerating to the right. A light emitted from light source A’ in the front wall reaches B in the rear wall. What is frequency of A’B ? How many waves exist between A’B ?

  143. Hiroji kurihara | March 28, 2022 at 10:05 pm | Reply

    Stationary aether

    In outer space, an observer (in an inertial frame) is measuring light of stars. The number of stars being measured is reasonable and there is no clumping of stars on celestial sphere. What is measured is frequency and wavelength of each star’s light, i.e., speed of light. The results will reveal the existence of stationary aether. the
    Note: Existence of stationary aether is not in doubt due to aberration.h

  144. Hiroji kurihara | April 7, 2022 at 2:04 am | Reply

    Perihelion shift of Mercury

    In Wikipedia (in Japanese version : “Apsidal precession” 近点移動), there is
    a table named “Perihelion shirt of planets of solar system”. These seem to
    varies greatly depending on the distance from the sun and the
    presence or absence of satellites. Newcomb’s table and explanation
    of relativity would be NG.

    A planet called Vulcan is revolving the orbit of Mercury. Assume
    that mass is the same and diameter is half to Mercury. The
    gravitational force of the Sun and the centrifugal force due to the
    orbital motion each would be Mercury > Vulcan > mass point.

    Newcomb’s table (of perturbation values of the planets acting on Mercury) should be nonsense.

  145. Hiroji kurihara | April 9, 2022 at 5:38 pm | Reply

    Perihelion shift of Mercury

    Mercury is perihelion shift and binary star is periastron shift. Two shifts are smooth and in one direction. Two each must be considered to be a two body problem.

    See again that table (in 近点移動). Values are observed values. And these each will be two body problem.

  146. Hiroji kurihara | April 18, 2022 at 4:24 pm | Reply

    Perihelion shift of Mercury (an essay)

    Scaled models of Mercury and Vulcan (of my post, April 7) are falling in free fall. Magnitude of acceleration is probably Mercury > Vulcan > mass point. At the beginning of falling, centers of gravity of three models are at the same horizontal level.

    A web-site says, periastron shift are many in close binaries. This will be a two body problem.

  147. Hiroji kurihara | April 20, 2022 at 8:17 pm | Reply

    Perihelion shift of Mercury

    5.75, 2.04, 11.45. These are observed value of perihelion shift of Mercury, Venus, and Earth (in a table of a website. Value are in arcsec/year. Table covers to Neptune). The decrease in Venus will be due to distance from the Sun, and the increase in Earth will be due to the Moon.

  148. Hiroji kurihara | April 22, 2022 at 5:20 pm | Reply

    Perihelion shift of Mercury

    Here is a close binary. A companion star approaches the main star and is passing the periastron on orbit. Actual orbit of companion star is different from orbit of mass point of it. Difference will be due mainly to size of companion star (mass distribution).

  149. Hiroji kurihara | April 24, 2022 at 5:54 pm | Reply

    Perihelion shift of Mercury

    In a close binary, gravity of main star is acting on companion star. Magnitude of gravity is inversely proportional to square of distance. Therefore, if size of companion star is large, gravity that acting is somewhat larger (even if mass is the same).

    Note: Here is a horizontal line. From the right, gravity of main star is acting. On the line, we see three masses. Mass of right and left is m/2 and middle is m (interval is the same). Magnitude of gravity acting will be m<m/2+m/2.

  150. Hiroji kurihara | May 4, 2022 at 3:41 pm | Reply

    Free fall (rewrited)

    A body is falling in free fall. On a horizontal plane, an observer is moving in a uniform linear motion. To the observer, the falling body draws a parabola. Every point of the body is accelerating.

    An elevator is falling in free fall. Assume, that there are two sources of gravity and there is a considerable distance between the two (even when viewed from elevator). How does equivalence principle explain ?

  151. Hiroji kurihara | May 9, 2022 at 6:50 pm | Reply

    Reviewing the Heliocentric Theory

    Motion of earth is various, such as rotation, revolution, uniform linear motion of solar system, and others. And there is aberration to each. These are reflection of motions relative to uniform isotropic aether. Qualitative and quantitative.

  152. Hiroji kurihara | May 11, 2022 at 3:09 pm | Reply

    Newton’s Third Law of Motion

    As an action and reaction, there are two examples about gravity. One is normal force. The other is Inertial force in free fall. The two should be accepted qualitatively and quantitatively.

  153. Hiroji kurihara | May 13, 2022 at 1:43 am | Reply

    Newton’s Third Law of Motion

    Does gravity always act as action? Is inertial force always reaction? It is a problem statement. As an example, there is an elevator cabin in free fall (mass is m).

  154. Hiroji kurihara | May 21, 2022 at 9:33 pm | Reply

    Galaxy Rotation Curve

    Allow me to post an idea about the above. It is contraction of the size of galaxies. But in Wikipedia (in English), there seems to be no mention.

  155. Hiroji kurihara | May 24, 2022 at 1:31 am | Reply

    Third Law of Motion (still pending ?)

    Action and raction (of the third law) are acting at the point of action, This will be the simplest picture of equilibrium of forces. Now, we beg Newton to comment. Newton whispers that reaction of the third law can include inertial force. And that, there are other pictures of equilibrium of forces including inertial force.

    Not a few books and websites say that the third law is the law of two bodies. Newton’s original text is neglected. No, third law is the law of at a point of action of force. A piller of mass m is lying on a horizontal plane (without friction). If the piller is continuously pulled to the right, it is accelerated to the right. At the right end of the piller, magnitude of action-reaction is the same ma. Also, at the other positions (points of action) of the piller, magnitude of action-reaction is the same. This is a single body (like a chain).

  156. Hiroji kurihara | May 26, 2022 at 5:14 pm | Reply

    Galaxy Rotatin Curve

    Is it because gravitational sources (that revolve galaxy) also extend over the disk of galaxy ? Is it because the state of inverse square law of gravity is different from that of solar system ?

  157. Hiroji kurihara | May 27, 2022 at 6:28 pm | Reply

    Speed of light

    In Wikipedia’s “Dispersion (optics)”, there is a video of dispersion. By a prism, white light is spectrally dispersed. The speed of light is different between red and violet light after dispersion (spectroscopy). It is obvious at a glance.

  158. Hiroji kurihara | May 29, 2022 at 11:44 am | Reply

    Apology, Adjacent my post “Speed of light” (on prism) was wrong. Sorry.

    To admin, i thank you always for accepting of my posts (I appreciate if you erace this and that two posts).

  159. Hiroji kurihara | June 5, 2022 at 5:11 pm | Reply

    Perihelion Shift of Mercury (repost)

    In a drawing, a fixed star F homogeneous true sphere and a planet P orbiting nearby are drawn. F acts gravity on P. Is magnitude of gravity on P dpending solely on mass m of F and distance r between FP ? No, the size of F may also have a slight effect. This will be main reason for the perihelion shift (secondary reasons are omitted). Newton’s spherical shell theorem may not be perfect.

    Square of 99 is 9801. Square of 101 is 10201. See above my post.

  160. Hiroji kurihara | June 5, 2022 at 5:27 pm | Reply

    Perihelion Shift of Mercury (repost)

    Size of Sun relative to Mercury will be main cause of this problem (however, will be incompatible with Newton’s spherical shell theorem).

    There are two drawings in which Mercury and gravity source (considered as a point) are drawn. In one drawing, gravity source is Sun and its mass is m. Distance from Mercury is 100. In the other drawing, there are two alternative gravity sources to the Sun, Mass is m / 2 each. Distance from Mercury is 99 and 101(aligned on a straight line extending from Mercury). Magnitude of the gravity acting on Mercury is the latter > the former. It can be ignored on Neptune.

  161. Hiroji kurihara | June 8, 2022 at 8:13 pm | Reply

    Perihelion Shift of Mercury (Gleanings)

    It is said that magnitude of Sun’s gravity acting on orbiting Mercury depends only Sun’s mass m and distance r between the two. But in reality, in addition, there will be an effect of Sun’s size. Gravity will be slightly greater. Therefore, Mercury’s orbit that has left aphelion will be slightly inward (and r will also be shorter), and then, perihelion will be shifted.

  162. Hiroji kurihara | June 10, 2022 at 7:50 pm | Reply

    Perihelion Shift of Mercury (correction)

    Sorry, I ask to delete my post (June 8) and replace it with following.

    It is said that magnitude of Sun’s gravity acting on Mercury depends on Sun’s mass m and distance r between the two. However, in reality, Sun’s size will have effect. Noticeably on Mercury, which is close to Sun. Gravity will be greater slightly. Let’s focus on orbit just after Mercury passes perihelion. Orbit will be slightly inward (r will be shorter also). This means that size of Sun shifts position of perihelion in the next around.

    P.S. Orbit to be compared is orbit when Sun is a point.

  163. Hiroji kurihara | June 14, 2022 at 8:42 pm | Reply

    Perihelion Shift of Mercury (an essay)

    Increase in gravity due to size of Sun will depend on distance r between Sun and Mercury. This increase in gravity will be larger at perihelion and smaller at aphelion. Is this the reason for perihelion shift of Mercury ? Sorry for my repetitive posts. 

  164. Hiroji kurihara | June 20, 2022 at 10:11 pm | Reply

    Perihelion Shift of Mercury (an essay)

    This is a thought experiment on close binary stars (imagine on a plane no friction). Imagine the same homogeneous true sphere with mass m. Main star is three spheres and companion star is two spheres (these are attached as a single unit). These are on a straight line. Gravity exerted and affected by and to each will depend on size of true spheres (of here and there). Forget the spherical shell theorem. Two-body problem is also complicated.

  165. Hiroji kurihara | June 22, 2022 at 7:11 pm | Reply

    Perihelion Shift of Mercury (an essay)

    This is a guess. Because of size of Mercury (in its elliptical orbit), centrifugal force will be increased. And, as Sun is near, effect of size will be larger (other planets are more like point).

  166. Hiroji kurihara | June 24, 2022 at 4:21 pm | Reply

    Perihelion Shift of Mercury (essay)

    Mercury is revolving in orbit. Size of Mercury increases centrifugal force acting on revolving Mercury. This will be reason for perihelion shift of Mercury. The angle is about 5.75 arc-sec in a year.

    Size of Mercury will also increase gravity of Sun (which acts on Mercury). But it will not affect direction of long axis of elliptical orbit (after a round: that is, it will be unrelated to perihelion problem).

  167. Hiroji kurihara | June 28, 2022 at 8:22 pm | Reply

    Perihelion Shift of Mercury (an essay)

    This is an idea. In this problem, planets seem to be treated as a point. Now, planet is divided into two hemispheres. One is closer to Sun and the other is far from Sun (back to back). If the planet is far from Sun, centrifugal force and gravity each acting on two hemispheres will be the same(1/2). But, how about Mercury? We must imagine a spherical surface that centers on Sun, and this spherical surface coincides with center of Mercury ? And then, in whole Mercury, centrifugal force will be larger and gravity will be smaller. It is compared to Mercury as a point.
    orry, please ignore my two posts immediately preceding this one.

  168. Hiroji kurihara | June 28, 2022 at 8:32 pm | Reply

    Perihelion Shift of Mercury (an essay)

    This is an idea. In this problem, planets seem to be treated as a point. Now, planet is divided into two hemispheres. One is closer to Sun and the other is far from Sun (back to back). If the planet is far from Sun, centrifugal force and gravity each acting on two hemispheres will be the same(1/2). But, how about Mercury? We must imagine a spherical surface that centers on Sun, and this spherical surface coincides with center of Mercury ? And then, in whole Mercury, centrifugal force will be larger and gravity will be smaller. It is compared to Mercury as a point.

    Sorry, please ignore my two posts immediately preceding this one.

  169. Hiroji kurihara5 | July 5, 2022 at 6:59 pm | Reply

    Perihelion shift of Mercury (an essay)

    Another inference. Half mentioned already at end of May. Mentioned was problem posing about a single gravitational source and gravitational sources separated into two. Let’s call this effect as the 99-101 effect. The 99-101 effect is equal to the two of binary stars. The 99-101 effect is a candidate for explanation of perihelion shift of Mercury. However, it is incompatible with attempt to explain by Sun’s spherical surface. I don’t know which one is hopeful.

    If gravity source is close, size of gravitational source will increase gravity. Then, Newton’s sphericl shell theorem must be reviewed.

  170. Hiroji kurihara | July 9, 2022 at 1:58 am | Reply

    Perihelion Shift of Mercury (an essay)

    Centrifugal force is inertial force and cannot be the first cause of perihelion shift. The 99-101 effect mentioned above (tentative naming: contrary to Newton’s spherical shell theorem) will be caused by size of Mercury, size of Sun, and distance between Mercury and Sun. On Mercury, these have effect on gravity and it will be the first cause. And then, direction of elliptical orbit may be shifted. At perihelion, this effect will be greatest.

    Magnitude of perihelion shift of planets with satellite is far superior. This is probably because gravity of Sun acting on satellite in half orbit close to Sun is far superior.

  171. Hiroji kurihara | July 20, 2022 at 3:08 pm | Reply

    Perihelion Shift of Mercury (an essay)

    Shift is smooth, like a hand of clock. Mainly, it will be two-body problem.k

  172. Hiroji kurihara | August 16, 2022 at 8:12 pm | Reply

    Equivalence Principle

    On a mass point, two forces of equal magnitude are acting from the left and right. Two forces are tension, gravity, and inertial force. Wnen, left and right are not distinguished, there are five possible combinations (there is no combination of inertia force and inertia force). Is the equivalence principle still insisted upon ?w

  173. Hiroji kurihara | August 24, 2022 at 5:51 pm | Reply

    Accelerated Motion is not Fictitious

    A horizontally long container is filled with fluid. This container is being accelerated to the right. In the container, pressure of the fluid will be high on the left and low on the right (effect of gravity is separated question). Accelerated motion is not fictitious.

    But is this worth writing down ?

  174. Hiroji kurihara | September 5, 2022 at 7:26 pm | Reply

    Inertial Force is not Fictitious

    The same five bodies (mass m) are lined up sideways on a horizontal plane. Five bodies are tied with strings. Assume that horizontal plane is zero friction, and mass of strings is zero. On right most body, force of 5ma is acting and five bodies start a uniform linear accelerating motion toward the right. Tension acting on four strings are, from right to left, 4ma, 3ma, 2ma, and 1ma. For any observer.

  175. Hiroji kurihara | September 8, 2022 at 3:52 pm | Reply

    Inertial Force is not Fictitious
     
    In addition to acceleration, there are jerk, snap, etc. And accordingly, inertial force must be varied. Inertial force cannot be fictitious.

    There must be absolute rest frame, so there are acceleration, jerk, snap, etc. In wikipedia (Japanese), in “Acceleration”, there is a table titled “Comparison of magnitude of acceleration”. Many examples of acceleration are shown in 18 division by magnitude.

  176. Hiroji kurihara | September 9, 2022 at 3:11 pm | Reply

    Equivalence Principle

    Starting is to accept inertial forces as inertial forces. In a free-fall elevator, inertial force and gravity acting on the entire cabin is equal. As Newton’s third law of motion shows. Magnitudes of inertial force and gravity acting on each mass point (assume fluid) in elevator are as shown by Newton. That’s all.

    Eh, the equivalence principle? Will be worthless at all.

  177. Equivalence Principle ?

    A body is suspended by a string from roof of a passengercar. The same two passengercars started at the same jerk at the same time. Tension of string is increasing, and string broke at about the same time (for both person in the car and on on the ground). Inertial force and gravity will not be equivalent.

  178. Moon and Sun (Hypothesis: Restated)

    Assume that sun’s light follows emission theory for a few seconds only. Matter of those on few seconds will be indistinguishable from earth. That is, sun is being in aether. So, light-time correction. And, light-time correction will be offset by secular aberration.

    Assume that moon’s light follows emission theory for a few seconds only. So, visible position of moon is exactly where it is. Just like sun. But the mechanism will be different.

  179. About Light
    7
    In outer space, frequency and wavelength of two star lights (coming from the opposite direction) are measured (at the same time). Sum of the speed of two lights will be constant. It is 2c or close to 2c.

    Above shows that in outer space, light is propagated relative to aether. And, speed of light relative to an observer is not constant.

  180. Michelson-Morley Experiment

    In a book Theory of Relativity by Pauli, W 1958, it’s written as follows (quoted from English version ; in 1-6). “Rather should one say that for an observer moving with medium, light is propagated as usual with velocity c/n in all directions”. It seems to be the “very and true explanation” for M-M experiment (done in air) !!

    There is Einstein’s saying the same as above Pauli’s. Therefore, probably, he said that he didn’t know M-M experiment (and he mutters, “It is (done in air) is nonsense and I have no obligation to talk about it”).

  181. Secular Aberration

    This is what comes into my mind. Three aberrations; daily, annual, and secular seem to form a closed necklace drawn in one stroke. Pearl are 365 (assuming star is visible even during day time).

    The star change its position at all times. Trajectory drawn on celestial sphere in one year will not be a ellipse but be an extended necklace with pearls.

  182. Does Aether Exist ?

    Two spacecrafts are sailing from left to right in outer space. It is as far apart as Mars. Speeds are v and 2v. Two spacecraft flash at the same and long time interval. What is interval between the position of flashes on the celestial sphere as seen from the Earth ?

  183. Local Inertial Frame (repost) 

    Inertial frame or non-accelerating frame, is a frame that is non-accelerating with respect to aether. So, in free-falling elevator, there is no inertial frame, even locally. Term “local inertial frame” will be nonsense.

    In the elevator, equal acceleration due to falling is acting on every mass point. There are no exceptions. Even locally.

    There can be composition or partial composition of inertial force and gravity. But the two are inviolable to each other. Inviolable, qualitatively and quantitatively.

  184. Hiroji kurihara | October 2, 2022 at 4:49 pm | Reply

    Aether (repost)

    All kinds of aberration are caused by motion of Earth. Qualitatively, quantitatively. For example, cycle of annual aberration is 365 days. It is reflection of motion of Earth. On the other hand, any motion of star’s side has no influence. Only position on the celestial sphere is valid. These facts will be explainable only by aether.

    For an observer stationary with respect to the aether frame, there will be no aberration.

  185. Hiroji kurihara | October 10, 2022 at 1:21 am | Reply

    Elevator Cabin and Inertial Frame

    On a plane (no friction), an elevator cabin is accelerated horizontally by tension of a rope. Tension of rope is controlled so that horizontal acceleration is the same as free fall. Not only at infinite small area (local area), but also on whole area of this elevator cabin is inertial frame ?

  186. Hiroji kurihara | October 17, 2022 at 6:31 pm | Reply

    Gravitational Acceleration

    Gravitational acceleration is a compound word. But is it worth it? About acceleration, what is special ? Nothing, will be.

  187. Hiroji kurihara | October 22, 2022 at 3:41 pm | Reply

    Relativity of Simultaneity

    On the moon’s surface, a passenger car is moving to the right. From the point at the center of ceiling, light rays are emitted at 45 degrees downward to the left and right. So, on the floor, there are two points of light. Position of two points are symmetrical for an observer in the car and stands on the moon’s surface. This drawing should be understood by the emission theory.

  188. Hiroji kurihara | October 28, 2022 at 5:44 pm | Reply

    Absolute Rest Frame (proposal)    

    Accelerated motion, non-accelerated motion (uniform linear motion) and combined motions of a body all will be motions relative to absolute rest frame.
    1) Uniform linear motion of a body is through.
    2) Accelerated motion of a body will have corresponding inertial force.

    Absolute rest frame can be easily measured (as aether drift) using light.

  189. Hiroji kurihara | November 1, 2022 at 6:43 pm | Reply

    Absolute Rest Frame

    Newton’s Bucket” is a thought experiment that assumes the existence of absolute rest frame because of the rotational motion accompanied by inertial forces. Let’s take the thought experiment one step further. Inertial force must occur by “all motions except uniform linear motion” of a body with respect to absolute rest frame. Without exception. And inertial force is real existence in physics.
    Note: Uniform linear motion and other motions can be superposed. And, superposition is very universal.

  190. Hiroji kurihara | November 3, 2022 at 8:49 pm | Reply

    Absolute Rest Frame & Aether Frame

    It would be easy to reveal the aether frame by optical means. By measuring aether drift. On the other hand, non-accelerated motion, accelerated motion (uniform linear motion and all other motions) of bodies are distinguished. And accelerating bodies show inertial forces. This is probably due to absolute rest frame. Aether frame and absolute rest frame each will probably be one and only, homogeneous, isotropic. And perhaps the two are the same frame. One thing two functions. Surprising.Absolute Rest Frame & Aether Frame

    It would be easy to reveal the aether frame by optical means. By measuring aether drift. On the other hand, non-accelerated motion, accelerated motion (uniform linear motion and all other motions) of bodies are distinguished. And accelerating bodies show inertial forces. This is probably due to absolute rest frame. Aether frame and absolute rest frame each will probably be one and only, homogeneous, isotropic. And perhaps the two are the same frame. One thing two functions. Surprising.

  191. Hiroji kurihara | November 5, 2022 at 5:28 pm | Reply

    A Light clock

    A light clock is working in a moving passenger car. Light path of light clock is illustrated vertically (in drawings). But this light clock leans somewhat to the right (or to left). So, to an observer stands on the ground, zigzag of light path (saw-tooth like) warps. Two kinds of dilation ? And if two clocks work, and these lean differs ?

  192. Hiroji kurihara | November 6, 2022 at 5:17 pm | Reply

    An Intermittent Ray of Light

    Imagine that an incoming star light is intermittent (on and off: by human work). An observer is observing this ray of light. It will be certain that observer’s motion (in the light ray direction) does not affect anything of coming ray (intermittency, wavelength, amplitude, waveform, etc). So, in the equation c = f λ, it is f and c that vary for the moving observer.

  193. Hiroji kurihara | November 10, 2022 at 3:26 pm | Reply

    Murmur, Again

    Starlight is coming from outer space. When an observer moves in the direction of the light path, frequency of the starlight varies. For light, there is a formula c = f λ. Which one, c or λ, varies with the above frequency varying ?

  194. Binary Star & Aether

    Speed of light coming from approaching and receding stars of binary star is the same. This will be one of evidence of the existence of aether.
    Note: However, as for evidence, aberrations (caused by motions of Earth relative to aether) will be more definite.

  195. Light is Propagated in Two Ways
                
    In outer space, a starlight is reflected by a mirror. There is a formula c = f λ. Statings below on this formula are from viewpoint of the mirror.
    P.S. Light will follow the emission theory for a few seconds only, after leaving light source. And then, light follows aether.

    Now, the mirror is stationary. In comparing of incident light and reflected light, f is the same. And usually, c & λ are different.
                      
    Now, the mirror moves in the direction of the light path of incident light. In the formula on incident light, λ is constant. And c & f will be variables. And in the formula on reflected light, c is constant. And f & λ will be variables.

  196. Hiroji kurihara | November 21, 2022 at 4:00 pm | Reply

    Gleaning (wavenumber, invariant)

    In outer space, a starlight is coming. When an observer moves in the direction of light path, frequency varies. But, according to this, in the formula c = f λ, does wavelength λ vary ? Unbelievable !

    There is a word “wavenumber”. It is the number of waves in a unit length (1 cm or 1 m) and is called Kayser. Like 25,000 K (visible red). This wavenumber and wavelength are reciprocals of each other. Therefore, since the wavenumber is an invariant, the wavelength will also be an invariant. That is, the wavelength cannot be varied with the motion of an observer. It is the speed of light that varies.

  197. Hiroji kurihara | November 23, 2022 at 9:58 pm | Reply

    Inertial Force is not Fictitious Force

    Inertial force is not fictitious force. See, Newton’s third law of motion (law of action and reaction). Also see, formula F = ma in the second law of motion. This is a big problem.

    P.S. There are two types of motion: uniform linear motion and all other motions. In the latter, inertial forces appear during the motion, and corresponding to the motion.

  198. Hiroji kurihara | November 26, 2022 at 3:46 pm | Reply

    Equivalence Principle

    In free-falling elevator cabin, and at the specific local area, gravity and inertial force are equal in magnitude. This seems to be the reason for the equivalence principle. However, at many local area, gravity and inertial force are not equal in magnitude. Is it possible that the principle is based on this specific local area ?

  199. Hiroji kurihara | December 1, 2022 at 3:06 am | Reply

    Equivalence Principle

    When a mass point is accelerated, inertial force appears. Its vector can be at our will. On the other hand, gravity acting on a mass point is unrelated to the accelerated motion of this mass point. And, the vector is not at our will. In summary, inertial force and gravity are two different things, like water and oil (even if the vector of the two acting on a mass point happen to cancel each other out).

  200. Hiroji kurihara | December 2, 2022 at 9:39 pm | Reply

    Inertial Force

    ◎ Inertial force is reaction of Newton’s law of action-reaction (the third law of motion). It is not a fictitious force.
    ◎ In the entire elevator cabin in free-falling, gravity and inertial force are action and reaction. And the two are equal. So, it is not surprising that in this cabin, there is a local area where the magnitude of gravity and inertial force are equal. In this local area, magnitude of inertial force is not zero. That is, this local area is not an inertial frame.
    ◎ There are two points that are not in relative motion. It is impossible to say for one to be an inertial frame and for the other an accelerated frame. There can be no such thing as a local inertial frame.a

  201. Hiroji kurihara | December 11, 2022 at 8:43 pm | Reply

    About the speed of light

    As for speed of light, constancy of speed of light, and the formula c = f λ seem to be all. But is it so simple ?

    A ray of light is propagating through aether. An observer is moving in a uniform linear motion lerative to this ray at various angle. The speed of the observer relative to aether is also varies. And, the observer’s motion can be accelerated motion, jerk (on a straight line), or can be curvilinear motion. Besides, there will be areas where the propagation of light follows emission theory.

    In short, there will be no reason to treat light specially. It’s so simple.

  202. About the Speed of Light

    For light that is propagated in aether, speed of light waves and ray (photons) relative to an observer will be different (usually). And, for light that is propagated according to emission theory, above will be the same (different also, usually).

  203. About the speed of light (supplement to the post Dec 19)

    Plane waves and rays (photons) of light from the first-magnitude star, Sirius are propagating through outer space. An observer is moving in various motions. Speed of plane waves and light rays (photons) to the observer will be different (usually).

  204. Hiroji kurihara | December 24, 2022 at 1:29 am | Reply

    Gravity and Time Dilation 

    There are two mirrors. One is on the ground, one is 22.6m above. These are facing each other. A laser beam is emitted downward from the left end of the upper mirror, forming letter W, and is coming to the upper right (beam is in vacuum). Frequency at five points will be the same. There will be no time dilation due to difference of gravity.

    Note) A few translated books say that (outline), when the distance between two points on the light path remains the same, the frequency of two points are the same (assuming frequency of the light source is constant).

  205. Hiroji kurihara | December 28, 2022 at 7:05 pm | Reply

    Aberration on the Moon

    Major aberrations observable on the moon’s surface are four. Two are corresponding to daily, annual aberrations of earth. Two are annual, secular aberrations of earth themselves (in common). These four aberrations show that aberration are caused by the motion of the telescope on the moon’s surface relative to aether. Qualitatively, quantitatively. Motion of telescope is motion relative to aether.

    On the moon’s surface, a water-filled telescope will show what Airy imaged (but if light receiving surface is glass, it will follow the refractive index of the glass). Also on the moon’s surface, picture of tilted umbrella and rain drops (raindrops are photons) will be valid (invalid on earth).

  206. Hiroji kurihara | December 28, 2022 at 7:31 pm | Reply

    Aberration on the Moon

    Major aberrations observable on the moon’s surface are four. Two are corresponding to daily, annual aberrations of earth. Two are annual, secular aberrations of earth themselves (in common). These four aberrations show that aberration are caused by the motion of the telescope on the moon’s surface relative to aether. Qualitatively, quantitatively. Motion of telescope is motion relative to aether.

    On the moon’s surface, a water-filled telescope will show what Airy imaged (but if light receiving surface is glass, it will follow the refractive index of the glass). Also on the moon’s surface, picture of tilted umbrella and rain drops (raindrops are photons) will be valid (invalid on earth).

  207. Hiroji kurihara | January 2, 2023 at 12:19 am | Reply

    Local Inertial Frame (Monologue)

    In all areas of a free-falling elevator, formula F ≒ ma ≠ 0, or F = ma ≠ 0 will consist. So, there will be no inertial frame, even locally.

    In a free-falling elevator (assumed to be a rigid body), coexistence of inertial frame and accelerated frame will be impossible, even locally.

  208. Hiroji kurihara | January 17, 2023 at 4:57 pm | Reply

    Motions Relative to Aether (monologue)

    1) Rotary motion: Two same disks are rotating. If the rotary speed is the same, the same inertial force will appear. Regardless of the direction of plane of rotation. It must be because of aether (homogeneous and isotropic).
    2) Curvilinear motion: Two same spheres move in curvilinear motion. Two curves are the same in size and shape. If two spheres move at the same uniform speed (from the same starting point), the same inertial force will appear. Regardless of the direction of curve. It must be because of aether (homogeneous and isotropic).
    3) Accelerated motion on straight lines: Two same spheres move on two straight lines. If motions are the same accelerated motion, the same inertial force will appear. Regardless of the direction of the straight line. It must be because of aether (homogeneous and isotropic).
    4) Uniform linear motion: Two same spheres move in uniform linear motion. Inertial forces do not appear. Regardless of the direction of straight line. It must be because of aether (homogeneous and isotropic).

  209. Hiroji kurihara | January 17, 2023 at 5:04 pm | Reply

    Inertial Force is not Fictitious (partially reposted)

    Gravity acts on everything equally. And if there is action, there is reaction. As stated by Newton’s third law of motion. Below are some examples.
    F = mg (free fall)
    F = normal reaction
    F = air resistance (falling at terminal speed)
    F = air resistance + inertial force (falling before terminal speed)

    Is F in F = mg fictitious ? The claim of fictitious will not hold.

  210. Hiroji kurihara | January 17, 2023 at 5:16 pm | Reply

    Newton’s Third Law of Motion

    A body of mass m is suspended from ceiling by a string. From below, this body is pulled by another string. Tension of this string is 2 mg. So, the tension of upper string is 3 mg. That is, action-reaction of upper string is both 3 mg. Mass of the body is basically irrelevant.

  211. Hiroji kurihara | January 17, 2023 at 5:21 pm | Reply

    Inertial Force is not Fictitious (monologue)

    On a plane (no friction), there is a body mass 3m. It is pulled by a string from the left and is accelerated. Tension of the string F is 3ma. Now, suppose there is another body to the right of this body. Two bodies are tied with a string. Also suppose the mass of the left body be 2m and the mass of the right body be m. The force F that pulls the left string is the same. So, tension on the left string will be 3ma and tension on the right string will be ma.

  212. Hiroji kurihara | January 17, 2023 at 5:49 pm | Reply

    Inertial force is not fictitious (is something wrong ?)

    Formula, F = ma, is well-known formula. Now, dividing both sides by m. It gives F/m = a. F on the left side is the force (external force) in “Newton”. Both F and m are physical quantities. Both will not be fictitious. Therefore, a and inertial force ma will not be fictitious also. Is there anything wrong with the above ?

  213. Hiroji kurihara | February 1, 2023 at 5:37 pm | Reply

    Inertial Force is not Fictitious (Continued)

    In previous post (17 Jan), both sides of formula F = ma are divided by m. Now, alternatively, F = ma are divided by a. Then, formula F/a = m is given. This will also show that a and ma will not be fictitious.

    Also, two formulas F = ma and F = mg may not be compatible with the assertion of gravitational mass and inertial mass (“Both are completely different phenomena” on Wikipedia “mass” in Japanese. Also, not be compatible with existence of two idioms).

  214. Hiroji kurihara | February 1, 2023 at 5:41 pm | Reply

    Inertial Resistance is not Fictitious (again).

    Let’s review formulas, F = ma and F = mg.
    Dividing both sides by m gives a = F/m and g = F/m. Therefore, a = g.

    Thus, mass acting as gravity and mass acting as inertial force are (assumed to be) the same. Also, quantitatively as m. This is also guaranteed by Newton’s third law of motion.

  215. Hiroji kurihara | February 1, 2023 at 6:03 pm | Reply

    Inertial Resistance is not Fictitious (again)

    Not a few explanations of law of action and reaction begins with two bodies. Misleading explanation. This law is the law at point of action of force. And, it is the law that action and reaction are equal, and direction of force is opposite.

    A body is pulled by a string. At every point on the string, tension is the same. That is, action and reaction have the same magnitude and opposite directions. This is the same when the body is uniformly accelerated by the string. Both forces are true forces. It is Impossible that one (inertial resistance) is fictitious.

  216. Hiroji kurihara | February 1, 2023 at 6:07 pm | Reply

    Local Inertial Frame ? (again)

    A homogenous disk is rotating vertically. Gravity from below. Therefore, inertial force (centrifugal force) and gravity act on each mass point of the disk. When the rotation speed of the disk exceeds a certain magnitude, a mass point appears where vector of inertial force and gravity are canceled (as total). But it is only natural. It seems to not be noteworthy.

    In free falling elevator, mass point where vector of inertial force and gravity are canceled (as total) appears also. Physically, it would be the same phenomenon as a rotating disk.

  217. Hiroji kurihara | February 1, 2023 at 6:13 pm | Reply

    Free Fall (Monologue)

    A large number of particles are floating in vacuum space. To our eyes, these are visible as a cube or an elevator cabin. Suddenly, a gravity source appears below and the elevator-like thing starts free-falling. As time passes, the elevator-like thing gradually changes its shape.

    The above can be explained by Newtonian mechanics.

  218. Hiroji kurihara | February 6, 2023 at 4:20 pm | Reply

    Local Inertial Frame (monologue)

    On a plane (no friction), a body is pulled by a string and is moving in a uniform linear acceleration. Magnitude of inertial force and force originating from the tension of the string (acting on each mass point of the body) are equal. This body is not inertial frame.

    However, in free-falling elevator, there is local area where magnitude of gravity and inertial force are equal. And, it is considered to be local inertial frame.

  219. Hiroji kurihara | February 6, 2023 at 4:23 pm | Reply

    Free Fall

    A body is in free fall. Assume that this body is a homogeneous rectangular. Inertial force is acting on every local area. Therefore, there can be no local inertial frame for this body.

    Inertial force and gravity are canceled each other partially and sometimes totally. But canceled is action not existence.

  220. Hiroji kurihara | February 6, 2023 at 4:26 pm | Reply

    Equivalence principle (again)

    For gravity and inertial force in free-falling elevator, acceptable explanation will be Newton’s law of action and reaction. Equivalence principle should be forgotten.

  221. Hiroji kurihara | March 10, 2023 at 5:22 pm | Reply

    Perihelion Shift of Mercury (again)

    Shift of perihelion is in the direction of Mercury’s own revolution, and speed of shift is constant. Like hands of clock. Main reason will be two-body problem.

    How is Sun’s gravity acting on Mercury calculated ? Will be by Newton’s spherical shell theorem. But is this theorem right ? Has anyone raised any objection ?

    Gravity of Sun acting on Mercury depends on square of the distance between them. On the other hand, centrifugal force due to orbital motion of Mercury depends on distance between them. Therefore, the size of Mercury and Sun will also play a role. But it is contrary to the spherical shell theorem.

    If the above is right, because the two bodies are close, size of Mercury and Sun will increase the magnitude of gravity. And orbital motion of Mercury will be accelerated.

  222. Hiroji kurihara | March 11, 2023 at 1:32 am | Reply

    Spherical Shell Theorem

    A homogeneous sphere, the source of gravity, and a line of action of gravity extending horizontally through the center of the sphere are drawn. At a fixed point, on left side of the line of action, not far apart, magnitude of gravity is calculated. Now, let the gravity source be the left and right hemispheres, and the gravity originating from the two hemispheres is calculated. Magnitude of gravity depends on the square of the distance. Therefore, sum of the gravity originating from the two hemispheres will differ from the magnitude calculated by the spherical shell theorem.

    The above is on the Sun’s gravity only.

  223. Hiroji kurihara | March 11, 2023 at 4:21 pm | Reply

    Inertial Force is not Fictitious (again)

    The same five bodies (mass m) are lined up sideways on a horizontal plane. Five bodies are tied with four strings. Assume that horizontal plane is zero friction, and mass of strings is zero. On right most body, force of 5ma is acting to the right and five bodies start a uniform linear accelerating motion toward the right. Tension acting on four strings are, from right to left, 4ma, 3ma, 2ma, and 1ma.

    Tension in the string above will be the same to an observer of any frame of motion. Inertial force (accelerated motion) is not fictitious.

  224. Hiroji kurihara | March 12, 2023 at 12:58 am | Reply

    Spherical Shell Theorem (Continued)

    In figure A, let distance from the center of sphere to fixed point be 50. And in figure B, let distance between the center of sphere and center of gravity of two hemispheres be 1. In figure B, in the formula of gravity, denominators are square of 49 and 51. These are 2401 and 2601. Contrary to expectations, size of the sphere seems to reduce the magnitude of gravity.

    Therefore, gravity seems not to be the cause of perihelion shift of Mercury. Size of Mercury will increase centrifugal force.

  225. Hiroji kurihara | March 15, 2023 at 12:02 am | Reply

    Perihelion Shift of Mercury (again)

    There is a figure of Mercury. Mercury is drawn as a circle. Plus, the center of it and an arc are drawn. This arc passes through the center and is extending symmetrically upward and downward. This arc is part of circle centered at the center of Sun that is located on the right of this figure. Therefore, the area of Mercury divided by the arc is left > right. Thus, actual magnitude of centrifugal force of Mercury due to its orbital motion will exceed the magnitude calculated as a point. Probably, this will be the main reason for perihelion shift of Mercury.

    Note : For planets with satellites, perihelion shif seems to be larger. This will be due to centrifugal force.
    Note : There must be more unknowns in perihelion shift.

  226. Hiroji kurihara | March 20, 2023 at 9:35 pm | Reply

    Spherical Shell Theorem

    Let me revise my March 12 post as follows.

    There are two figures A and B that draw Sun and Mercury. A shows Mercury on the line of action of gravity of Sun extending from the left. Distance between two stars is 50. In B, Mercury is divided into two hemispheres, left and right. The distance between center of sphere (of A) and the center of gravity of two hemispheres each is 1. In B, denominators of formula for magnitude of gravity are 49 and 51. And squared are 2401 and 2601.

    Magnitude of gravity is 2500 in A and 2501 in B. Size of sphere seems to be related to magnitude of gravity. Spherical shell theorem will not be valid. Main reason for perihelion shift of Mercury will be its size.

    Note) In this post, only gravity of Sun is under consideration.

  227. Hiroji kurihara | March 25, 2023 at 3:55 pm | Reply

    Perihelion Shift of Mercury (Supplement)

    Story will be started from aphelion. Starting is addition of centrifugal force (because of the size of Mercury), which causes orbit to be outside the original orbit. Then, very slight rotation of long axis and short axis, i.e., the elliptical orbit (centered on the forcal point where Sun is located) will continue.

    Note: It is said that Moon is receding from Earth at a rate of a few centimeters per year. Perhaps, size of Moon will add centrifugal force on Moon’s orbital motion.

  228. Hiroji kurihara | March 26, 2023 at 9:40 pm | Reply

    Perihelion Shift of Mercury (problem posing)

    I said earlier that this story should start from aphelion, not perihelion. Yes, size of Mercury will increase centrifugal force and will rotate the orbit of Mercury in the direction of revolution. It will also increase size of orbit and increase momentum of Mercury.

    Moon is said to be receding away from Earth. Although it is on order of a few centimeters per year. There are not a few sites on web. Many of them say that reason is slowing down of rotation of Earth. And total angular momentum of Earth and Moon must be conserved. But is relationship between Earth and Moon still the same today ? I guess what I said in the first half of this post applies to Moon as well.

  229. Hiroji kurihara | April 1, 2023 at 11:19 pm | Reply

    Perihelion Shift of Mercury (Labyrinth)

    This problem could be discribed as a problem in which Mercury’s elliptical orbit rotates slightly in the direction of Mercury’s orbital motion. Like hands of a clock. Reason for rotation may be due to the fact that Mercury is not a point but a sphere that has a size (mass distribution). But beyond that, it is a labyrinth for me.

    Is the reason for rotation lies in perihelion or in aphelion ? Or is it in neither ? And, if the reason lies in aphelion, is it due to addition of centrifugal force ? Or is it due to weakening of gravitational pull of Sun ?

  230. Hiroji kurihara | April 5, 2023 at 10:22 pm | Reply

    Perihelion Shift of Mercury (reconfirmation)

    As posted before, the size of Mercury as a sphere would be the core to this problem. Allow me to reconfirm.

    Divide Mercury into two the same spheres (two are contacted). Two centers of sphere lie on the line of action of Sun’s gravity. Distance between Sun and centers of two spheres are 49 and 51. Magnitude of Sun’s gravity is F=GM/r^2. Therefore, the denominators of magnitude of Sun’s gravity acting on the two spheres are 2401 and 2601.

  231. Hiroji kurihara | April 9, 2023 at 9:41 pm | Reply

    Perihelion Shift of Mercury (Summary?)

    Two laps of elliptical orbit of Mercury is drawn. Ellipse B after perihelion must be drawn outside previous ellipse A. However, in many figures such as web, it is inside. Ellipse is rotating around Sun. Many figures must be wrong.

    In other words, state of ellipse nearby perihelion must be the same as that of nearby aphelion (the same qualitatively). Nearby these two points, Mercury will be affected by excessive acceleration due to its size. Acceleration will be caused by centrifugal force or gravity or by both.

  232. Hiroji kurihara | April 10, 2023 at 5:49 pm | Reply

    Perihelion Shift of Mercury (unfamiliar figure)

    I found a figure unfamiliar on web. About two Mercury’s orbits are shown. New orbit is outside the previous orbit twice and inside the previous orbit twice during one round.

    Note) This site is in Japanese. image page. big red sun. 水星の近日点移動

  233. Hiroji kurihara | April 11, 2023 at 7:31 pm | Reply

    Perihelion Shift of Mercury (again)

    In many figures, Mercury’s orbit is outside the previous orbit for some extent after aphelion, and inside for some extent after perihelion. Unacceptable.

  234. Hiroji kurihara | April 12, 2023 at 5:27 pm | Reply

    Perihelion Shift of Mercury (long axis)

    Long axis of Mercury’s orbit is slowly rotating. That is, Mercury will follow an orbit outside its previous orbit after passing either perihelion or aphelion (for some extent). This is not so for perihelion in many figures.

  235. Hiroji kurihara | April 12, 2023 at 7:33 pm | Reply

    Equivalence principle (as an impression)

    In laboratory experiment, inertial force is something that we can control. In a laboratory called thought experiment, we can control falling of an elevator cabin also. On the other hand, it seems that gravity is beyond our reach. In other words, inertial force and gravity will be different things.

    Even outside laboratory (whether within our reach or not), inertial force and gravity may be different thing.

  236. Hiroji kurihara | April 12, 2023 at 11:51 pm | Reply

    Equivalence Principle

    Two bodies of the same mass m tied by a fairly long string are in free fall to Jupiter. Two bodeies are back and forth, and increasing tension of the string is informed to Earth. Inertial force and gravity are different things.

    Comet Shoemaker-Levy, which fell to Jupiter in 1994. It was broken into at least 21 pieces in falling.

  237. Hiroji kurihara | April 26, 2023 at 8:18 pm | Reply

    Mars & Aether

    Annual aberration of Mars is based on its revolution period of 1.881 years and average orbital speed of 28.07 km/sec. That is, aberration is mainly caused by motion of observer relative to the aether. Qualitatively and quantitatively. Needless to explain.

    Other aberrations of Mars are also.

  238. Hiroji kurihara | April 28, 2023 at 10:37 pm | Reply

    Aether

    In outer space, three pinhole cameras are pointed in X, Y and Z directions (these are in uniform linear motion, the same as Sun). Cameras are pretty large. In the camera, on the inner wall, on the opposite side of the pinhole, disks rotate once and receiving position of star lights are recorded.

    Recorded position of star lights on three disks will not be true circle. These may indicate motion of the pinhole cameras relative to aether.

  239. Hiroji kurihara | May 3, 2023 at 5:14 pm | Reply

    Apology and Cancellation

    My recent posts April 28 seem to be invalid. Sorry.

  240. Hiroji kurihara | May 4, 2023 at 5:03 pm | Reply

    Pinhole Camera

    In outer space, a starlight is coming from the right. This ray enters the pinhole of a pinhole camera and is reflected upward by a mirror set at 45 degrees upwards in the camera.

    When the camera moves to the right or left (at a uniform speed), the position where reflected light hits the upper inner wall of the camera will move. Incident light is propagated in aether, and reflected light follows emission theory.

    Note: Speed of lincident light and rleflected light relative to the mirror are generally different. So, angle of the two are also. λ are also).

  241. Hiroji kurihara | May 6, 2023 at 4:56 pm | Reply

    Gravity (gravitational field) and Time

    There is optical path of triangle ABC with top A of tall tower and mirror BC placed on the ground (as vertices). Laser light emitted from light source set at A (frequency is constant) is reflected by BC and returns to A. Frequencies of laser light at ABC will be the same. Time dilation due to gravity will be impossible.

  242. Hiroji kurihara | May 11, 2023 at 4:24 pm | Reply

    Speed of Light Varies

    On the Moon’s surface, plane waves of Sunlight are arriving horizontally from above to two passenger cars. There is a small pinhole at the center of ceiling of two passenger cars, and on the floor, there is a spot of light that passed through pinhole.

    Two passenger cars are moving on the Moon’s surface at different speeds (in x direction). For an observer inside the passenger car, position of light spot on the floor will be different. This difference in position will be the same for an observer stands on the Moon’s surface.

  243. Hiroji kurihara | May 16, 2023 at 4:00 pm | Reply

    Two Formulas for Speed of Light (in vacuum)

    First formula, v=fλ: It is speed of light relative to aether, and v is constant. Area is where light follows aether frame. That is, more than a few light seconds away from light source.
    Second formula, c=fλ; It is speed of light relative to light source, and c is constant. Area is where light follows emission theory. That is, within a few light seconds from light source.

    Note) First formula is the same as formula for the speed of sound in air (depending on f and λ).
    Note) In outer space, a starlight is passing through a tube. In the center of the tube, a plate of glass is placed. In front of the glass, the starlight follows aether frame, and in back of it, starlight follows emission theory.
    Note) A starlight is moving in aether. It is possible that v and c move at the same speed. Usually, v will be below c.
    Note) For a moving observer, speed of light must be reconsidered (starting with the Doppler effect).

  244. Hiroji kurihara | May 16, 2023 at 6:31 pm | Reply

    Correction (on today’s post : on the third note)

    A starlight > A light source

  245. Hiroji kurihara | May 18, 2023 at 8:15 pm | Reply

    Local Inertial Frame (again)

    Every mass point is either in an inertial (unaccelerated) frame or accelerated frame. If a rigid homogeneous cuboid is in free-falling, every mass point is in accelerated frame. In this cuboid, there can be no inertial frame, even locally.

    P.S. This difference is not fictitious but absolute.

  246. Hiroji kurihara | June 5, 2023 at 10:17 pm | Reply

    Inertial Force and Gravity are Different Things

    1) For inertial force, space is homogeneous isotropic. Gravity is not (gravitational field exsists).
    2) For inertial force, every position in space is the same. Gravity is not (gravitational field exsists).

  247. Hiroji kurihara | June 9, 2023 at 6:24 pm | Reply

    Local Inertial Frame (rewritten)

    An elevator cabin is in free falling. Let’s assume that every local frame of this cabin is the same (mass m). There can be no local inertial frame.

  248. Hiroji kurihara | June 13, 2023 at 5:11 pm | Reply

    Local Inertial Frame (additional)

    A homogeneous cuboid made of atomic silver (atomic weight 107.9) is in free falling. Magnitude of inertial force acting on every silver atom is the same. There can be no local inertial frame.

  249. Hiroji kurihara | June 19, 2023 at 11:00 pm | Reply

    Inertial Force and Gravity are Different Things (rewritten)

    ◎ Inertial Force
    1) Between inertial force and motion of a mass point in space, there will be direct connection.
    2) Position in space has no meaning. Space is homogeneous isotropic.
    3) Absolute space is required.
    ◎ Gravity
    1) Between gravity and motion of a mass point in space, there will be no direct connection.
    2) Position in space has meaning. As a gravitational field. Space is not homogeneous isotropic.
    3) Absolute space is not required.

  250. Hiroji kurihara | June 21, 2023 at 11:57 pm | Reply

    Inertial Force and Gravity are Different Things (additional)

    It is argued that inertial force and gravity are equivalent. However, in light of the followings, the two will not be equivalent. Even if vectors as action cancel each other out, vectors as existence do not disappear. Qualitatively, quantitatively. These are composing and decomposing of forces.
    ◎ Inertial force corresponds to accelerated motion of a mass point in homogeneous isotropic space.
    ◎ Gravity corresponds to position of a mass potint in space modified by gravitational fields.

  251. Hiroji kurihara | June 23, 2023 at 8:46 pm | Reply

    Inertial Force and Gravity are Different Things (additional)

    In light of the followings, inertial force and gravity will not be equivalent.
    ◎ Inertial force: It is emerged in an accelerated motion (of a mass point) in space.
    ◎ Gravity: It does not emerge in an accelerated motion (of a mass point) in space.

  252. Hiroji kurihara | June 27, 2023 at 7:03 pm | Reply

    Inertial Force is not Fictitious

    Gravity acts on a body as a vector. At a local area in free falling elevator, vector of gravity and vector of inertial force (vector of action, not of existence) will cancel each other. In that case, inertial force will not be fictitious.

  253. Hiroji kurihara | July 1, 2023 at 4:14 pm | Reply

    Gravitational Acceleration

    Well, “gravitational acceleration” is “magnitude of gravity on the surface of Earth ?” asked an Alien.

    Idiom (compound word) “gravitational acceleration” seems to be meaningful only in limited situationon. Free fall, gravity at the surface of Earth, etc. Is it an idiom of physics ?

    If gravity and inertial force are different things, gravity and acceleration are also different things. Will there be qualification of idiom ?

  254. Hiroji kurihara | July 2, 2023 at 8:34 pm | Reply

    Centrifugal Force is not Fictitious

    The same four spheres, connected to the ends of two rods are rotating on a plane (no friction). Asuume the bar as a cross and the whole as a disk. At any point on the rod, magnitudes of the centrifugal force and centripetal force are equal, as shown by Newton’s third law of motion. That is, centrifugal force (and centripetal also) is not fictitious to an observer in any frame.

    P.S. Original text of the third law is said, it is not on two bodies, but on every point of action of force.

  255. Hiroji kurihara | July 3, 2023 at 7:25 pm | Reply

    Inertial Resistance/Inertial Force (rewritten)

    Every mass point is placed in aether frame. When it is forced to move other than uniform linear motion (including zero speed) relative to aether frame, it shows resistance called inertial resistance. Inertial resistance is commonly said to be inertial force. Inertial force will correspond to the motion of mass in aether frame, qualitatively, quantitatively.

  256. Hiroji kurihara | July 3, 2023 at 10:59 pm | Reply

    Centrifugal Force is not Fictitious

    Allow me to alter some of previous post. Previous setting was four spheres and two rods. Now, on two spheres and one rod (in X direction only), mass is two times (without deflection). Then, at close to the center, magnitude of centrifugal force and centripetal force will be about two times. Also, magnitude of centrifugal force and centripetal force will correspond to rotational speed.

  257. Hiroji kurihara | July 4, 2023 at 7:45 pm | Reply

    Centrifugal Force is not Fictitious

    About centrifugal force, allow me to post one more. A disk and the same ten spheres (evenly spaced around the disk) are rotating on a plane (no friction). Spheres and outer edge of the disk are connected with strings of the same length. Each string will show the same tension. Tension will be a sign that centrifugal force is not fictitious.
    Note) Centrifugal force and centripetal force will work on the string (on every point) as Newton’s third law of motion.

  258. Hiroji kurihara | July 6, 2023 at 7:31 pm | Reply

    Speed of Gravity Propagation

    Speed of gravity propagation is said to be the same to speed of light. But is it true ? Something can’t be found in thought experiments ? How about Sun and Mercury ? Solar system is said to move in the direction called sun facing point (on the celestial sphere). So position from which gravitational force of Sun acting Mercury will be the position some back in time. If so, this effect will slightly acuumlate (like free falling).

    In Encyclopaedia Britannica 1969, there is a passage as follows (in item “Gravitation” ; original text). “If the action of gravitation were not absolutely instantaneous”(omission)”All experiments and observations were, however, consistent with the law, from the short distances employed in laboratory experiments to the long ranges used in interplanetary calculations”. It says, action will be instantaneous.

  259. Hiroji kurihara | July 11, 2023 at 2:19 pm | Reply

    Speed of Light

    This is supplement to the former post (Oct 31,2021). Half of measurement results of speed of light waves will exceed c.

  260. Hiroji kurihara | July 17, 2023 at 6:10 pm | Reply

    Newton’s Three Laws of Motion

    Uniform linear motion (aether can be emerged in an optical way), uniform circular motion, inertial force, action and reaction are all existence graspable qualitatively and quantitatively. These are not fictitious.

  261. Hiroji kurihara | July 26, 2023 at 5:56 pm | Reply

    In my previous post (March 20,2023), Mercury is divided into two spheres. But this thought experiment doesn’t seem to hold. Surprising ! It does not disprove Newton’s spherical shell theorem ! So, my hope is shifted in another thought experiment on centrifugal force.

  262. Hiroji kurihara | August 5, 2023 at 5:37 pm | Reply

    Perihelion Shift of Mercury (rewritten)

    In a figure, Mercury is drown as a circle. In addition, in the figure, center of the circle and an arc extending vertically through the center are drown. Arc is a part of orbit. The arc divides Mercury into left and right, and the area is left > right (Sun is in the right). This figure shows that actual magnitude of the centrifugal force exceeds magnitude calculated for Mercury as a point (see formula of centrifugal force, ignore rotation). Perihelion shift of Mercury may be due to Mercury’s size.

  263. Perihelion Shift of Mercury

    Size of Mercury will increase gravity and increase centrifugal force quolitatively also. Of the two, gravity is probably the main factor. Because, increase in gravity shift aphelion in the direction of revolution. On the other hand, increase in centrifugal force shift aphelion in the opposite direction of revolution.

    The formula for gravity F = mM/r^2 probably shows that magnitude of gravity is related to the size of Mercury (but surprisingly small).

  264. Perihelion Shift of Mercury

    [Size of Mercury increases gravity during orbital motion]
    Mm/r^2 is formula for gravity. There are models for Mercury and Sun. When, 2Mm is 100 and r is 50, gravity is 0.04. Next, two spheres (with half of mass of Mercury each) are lined up on the line of action of Sun’s gravity. Mm is 50, r is 49 and 51. Then, gravity is 0.0400479.
    [Size of Mercury increases centrifugal force during orbital motion]
    See my post posted on March 15, 2023 (or around).

  265. Perihelion Shift of Mercury

    There is one more problem. Size of Mercury send out surplus force. But where does this surplus force go ?

    In figure of perihelion shift of Mercury, its destination seems not to be found. Ah, perhaps the same phenomenon as Moon’s retreat (Moon’s orbit is expanding) will be destination. This surplus force probably turns and expands Mercury’s elliptical orbit each time.

  266. Perihelion Shift of Mercury (rewritten, from my post, posted on Sep 16 or around)

    There is a figure of Mercury, its orbit and Sun. Mercury is drawn as a single point. But actually, Mercury has a size, and this size will slightly increase magnitude of gravity and centrifugal force of Mercury. Now, limit our consideration to half of orbit from perihelion to aphelion. Increase in gravity will shift aphelion in the direction of revolution. On the other hand, increase in centrifugal force will shift aphelion in the opposite direction of revolution. In increase, gravity will exceed.

  267. Perihelion Shift of Mercury (supplement)

    Size of Mercury will cause the difference in its gravity and in its orbit. It will rotate long axis and shift perihelion (in the direction of revolution).

    But, will size of Mercury cause difference in its centrifugal force ? This difference probably correspond to the difference in motion (caused by difference in gravity).
    Note) How does gravity cause bodies to move ? In phenomenon such as perihelion shift of Mercury, we seem not to grasp it enough.

  268. Perihelion Shift of Mercury (imagine)

    Size of Mercury will increase Mercury’s gravity. The main result will be slight expansion of orbit, and followed by shift in perihelion. Therefore, centrifugal force also increases. Newton’s third law of motion will be inviolable.

  269. Hiroji kurihara | October 7, 2023 at 10:10 pm | Reply

    Perihelion Shift of Mercury (rewritten)

    Allow me to rewrite my previous post (Sep 29 and around).

    Shift of perihelion is constant. Then, a doubt arises. What is momentum of Mercury ? Is it increasing ? Is it decreasing ? Is there no increase or decrease ?

  270. Hiroji kurihara | October 16, 2023 at 11:18 pm | Reply

    Perihelion Shift of Mercury (estimate)

    Two Mercurys are revolving. One is in the orbit of Mercury and the other is in the orbit of Venus. In the former, magnitude of shift of perihelion seems to be larger. This is probably because effect of Mercury’s size is greater in the former.

  271. Hiroji kurihara | October 18, 2023 at 10:10 pm | Reply

    Perihelion Shift of Mercury (continued)

    Imagine Mercury is revolving in the orbit of Neptune. Size of Mercury seen from Sun is almost a single point. So, magnitude of perihelion shift as two-body problem will be slight. And are perturbations outstanding ?

  272. Hiroji kurihara | October 22, 2023 at 7:45 pm | Reply

    Perihelion Shift of Mercury (supplement)

    Imagine that two Mercurys are revolving in the orbit of Venus and Neptune. At two perihelions, Mercury moves in the same vector (direction and speed) as Venus and Neptune. Magnitude of Mercury’s shift of perihelion will be smaller than that of the two. Because size of Mercury is smaller than that of the two.

  273. Hiroji kurihara | October 25, 2023 at 6:19 pm | Reply

    Perihelion Shift of Mercury (and free fall)

    Towards Earth, two bodies with the same mass are in free fall. One is assumed to be a single point (with no size), and the other is a long pole (falling vertically). Also assumed that gravity of Earth is constant at g. As posted formerly, magnitude of gravity of Earth acting on two bodies will be former < latter slightly. As example, in my former post, it was 0.04 < 0.0400479. So latter continues to fall in advance. In a broad sense, orbital motion is considered to be free fall. It seems that the shift of perihelion of Mercury is caused by its size.
    P.S. See 0.0400497 as problem presentation. It is also problem presentation to Newton's spherical shell theorem.

  274. Hiroji kurihara | November 4, 2023 at 11:07 pm | Reply

    Shift of Perihelion and Vernal Equinox of Earth (fake ?)

    A drawing shows Sun, Earth, and orbit of Earth. It also shows shift of perihelion of Earth (in the direction of revolution, annually) and shift of vernal equinox (in the opposite direction of revolution, annually). Shift of vernal equinox is said to be caused by precession of rotation axis (of Earth). Precession of rotation axis ? Really ? Shift of vernal equinox seems to be caused by extra centrifugal force due to size of the Earth. There is no other reason than that it seems to fit well.
    Note: Perihelion is said to take about 110,000 years, and vernal equinox takes about 26,000 years to complete one revolution.

  275. Hiroji kurihara | November 5, 2023 at 3:18 pm | Reply

    To yesterday’s post, following my posts are related.
    Aug 5, Sep 23, (2023).

  276. Hiroji kurihara | November 6, 2023 at 4:09 pm | Reply

    A web-site with figures related to problem above appears using following keywords. Sorry, in Japanese.
    近日点の移動  国立天文台暦計算室

  277. Hiroji kurihara | November 9, 2023 at 6:49 pm | Reply

    Title of the page of the National astronomical observatory (of Japan) ephemeris computation office is shown below. Sorry for repeated addition.
    暦Wiki/近日点の移動-国立天文台暦計算室

  278. Hiroji kurihara | December 9, 2023 at 11:26 pm | Reply

    Perihelion Shift of Mercury (summary)

    In a web-site in English titled “Perihelion Precession of the Planets”, there is a table on observed rates from Mercury (5.75 seconds/year) to Neptune (0.36 seconds/year). In these, direction of precession is the direction of planet’s revolution, and these magnitude are assumed to be constant. Let’s assume this table is true. So, this phenomenon will be caused by two bodies: planet each and Sun.

    Adams and Le Verrier predicted the existence of Neptune and its position on the celestial sphere (from the precession of Uranus’s position). But it was temporary and exceptional precession (perturbation).

  279. Perihelion Shift of Mercury (is this A THORY ?)

    Perihelion shift of Mercury is 575 seconds in 100 years. In wikipedia, there is a site titled “Perigee Shift” (in Japanese). In it, it’s stated that 532 of the 575 seconds are caused by perturbations due to gravity of other planets, and remaining 43 seconds are caused by the effects of general relativity. Simply adding up gravity of other planets ? Is this A THEORY ?

  280. Hiroji kurihara | January 4, 2024 at 5:11 pm | Reply

    Motion of a Mass Point & Aether (again)

    Every mass point is either in motion or not. Motion is said to be relative, but this will be only appearance. For mass points in motion, there are motions in which vector of motion (magnitude and direction) vary and motions in which vectors are without varying. In motions varying, inertial force that vary (qualitatively or quantitatively) are recognized. In motions without varying, inertial force are not recognized.

    The above will be depending on existence of a uniform isotropic aether in space. Every motion relative to aether (absolute rest frame) will be measurable by optical way.

  281. Hiroji kurihara | January 22, 2024 at 3:29 am | Reply

    Kinetic Energy: Momentum: Force: Impulse (inference)

    A homogeneous disk with mass M, diameter 2a, and uniform thickness is stationary (not rotating) with respect to the celestial sphere. Angular momentum of this disk is zero. It is zero for any observer in any motion.

    There is a type of momentum called linear momentum, which is limited to motion in a straight line. A body of
    mass M is moving in a straight line. By analogy with rotational motion, there may be situations where linear momentum is zero even on a straight line (stationary on a straight line). All motion of a mass point can be understood as motions relative to aether (absolute rest).

  282. Hiroji kurihara | January 23, 2024 at 4:54 pm | Reply

    Kinetic Energy: Momentum: Force: Impulse (supplement)

    Momentum is physical quantity that we can vary in laboratory. And the rotational momentum can be zero (no matter who sees it). The same will go for linear momentum. The two momentums will be adjoining. But we don’t understand that, and we don’t try.

  283. Hiroji kurihara | January 26, 2024 at 6:32 pm | Reply

    Kinetic Energy: Momentum: Force: Impulse (supplement)  

    Rotational momentum seems to be no matter. In the rotational motion of a body (imagine a disk), there is a state of speed zero (no rotation). And on both sides of it, there are plus and minus rotations. The two behave symmetrically. We can see the two qualitatively and quantitatively.

    But what about linear momentum ? Even in the linear motion of a body, there will be a state of speed zero (no moving). And on both sides of it, there will be plus and minus moations. The two behave symmetrically. However, we cannot see the two qualitatively and quantitatively.

  284. Hiroji kurihara | January 31, 2024 at 11:27 pm | Reply

    Speed of sound is variable, and also, speed of light will be variable.

    Equation v = λ f holds between sound source and the observer. v is speed of sound to the observer, λ is wavelength, and f is frequency to the observer. The observer is in motion, which causes the frequency in varying. In above equation, what is varying is v (λ is not varying).

    Equation v = λ f will also hold between light source and the observer. It will be v that is varying.

  285. Hiroji kurihara | February 5, 2024 at 5:53 pm | Reply

    Doppler Effect and Variable Speed of Light

    For Doppler effect of sound waves, following will hold. Speed of sound waves in air, which is medium for sound waves propagation, is constant. In other words, speed of sound waves is constant only with respect to air.

    Doppler effect of light waves will be the same as that of sound waves. Medium of light waves is aether, which is uniformly isotropic. In other words, speed of light waves is constant only with respect to aether.

  286. Hiroji kurihara | February 8, 2024 at 4:52 pm | Reply

    Culculating Equation of Doppler Effect

    Speed of sound waves is constant only with respect to air, which is medium of propagation. Speed of light waves will probably be constant only with respect to aether, which is medium of propagation.

    Therefore, calculating equation for frequency of light waves observed by an observer must be the same as culculating equation for frequency of sound waves observed by an observer.

  287. Hiroji kurihara | February 10, 2024 at 7:41 pm | Reply

    Sound Waves, Light Waves and an Observer (summary)

    Sound waves propagate through air, and light waves propagate through aether. Medium is uniformly isotropic, and speed of waves with respect to medium is constant. So, when a point-like wave source is stationary in medium, waves drawn on a plane are concentric circles. Therefore, if an observer is moving with respect to medium, speed of sound waves and light waves for the observer is not constant.
    Note: Light waves using air as a medium propagate in the same way as sound waves.

  288. Hiroji kurihara | February 12, 2024 at 3:41 pm | Reply

    Propagation of Light (again)

    Light propagates in two ways.
    1) A reflector placed on moon’s surface is irradiated with laser light, and by reflected light, distance to Moon is measured. Error is a few centimeters. Laser light emitted from light source will follow emission theory for one second at least. This guess can be scored 90 points out of 100 points.
    2) Various types of aberration. Light will follow reference frame of aether after passing through the region 1 above. This guess can be scored 120 points out of 100 points.
    Note) In air,light propagates following to reference frame of air. So, MM experiments done in air is nonsense.

  289. Hiroji kurihara | February 18, 2024 at 8:08 pm | Reply

    Is speed of light constant? (again)

    As posted preciously (one of which is on Oct,31,2021), constancy of speed of light is impossible. Therefore, time dilation and Lorentz contraction are also impossible. Without a doubt.

  290. Hiroji kurihara | February 20, 2024 at 6:48 pm | Reply

    Aberration (again)

    Space is filled with aether. For light, aether acts as a medium (as a reference frame). In other words, light propagates at the same speed through aether. Regardless of the direction of propagation. Earth is moving at different speeds with respect to aether. Therefore, speed of light with respect to Earth is different

    Aberration is a phenomenon completed in upper atmosphere. It is the same as refraction. Result of Airy’s experiment (tube of telescope is filled with water) is only natural.

    Due to aberration, it is said that visible position (direction) of celestial bodies shift beyond the direction of motion of Earth. No, shift will be behind the direction of motion of Earth. This will be clear by illustration of light rays in upper atmosphere.

    Draw trajectory of position of a celestial body (on celestial sphere. returns to source every year). Ellipse of annual aberration will be warped by secular aberration. Daily aberration will be many small circles (365 pearls).

  291. Hiroji kurihara | February 25, 2024 at 8:53 pm | Reply

    Emission Theory (guess)

    For a few seconds after emission, propagation of light will follow emission theory, and then follows the aether reference frame (as written before). In other words, from the aether reference frame, speed of light will vary, and energy of a photon will also vary. It is said that energy of light is proportional to its frequency.
    Note) The above will be possible to explain accuracy of measuring the distance to Moon (by laser) and aberration without contradiction.

  292. Hiroji kurihara | March 1, 2024 at 11:38 pm | Reply

    Propagation of Light in Two Ways (again)

    Annual aberration and daily aberration mean motion of Earth (with respect to aether). Aether is real existence. On the other hand, if the distance to the light source is not too far (no, even the distance to the Moon also !), propagation of light will follow emission theory. Both aether and emission theory will revive. As phoenixes some day. Relativity will fade away.

  293. Hiroji kurihara | March 5, 2024 at 6:54 pm | Reply

    Measuring Aether (again)

    In outer space, frequency and wavelength of incoming lights from two stars (from opposite directions on the celestial sphere) are measured. To the measurer, speed of two incoming lights will be different. And it will mean the motion (in the direction of light path) of the measurer with respect to aether.
    Note) If the measurer moves in the direction of light path, frequency and speed of two incoming lights will vary. Because, wavelength of two incoming light does not vary.

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