Australian researchers have developed a groundbreaking technology that enables scientists to synthetically create and study viral variants, such as those of COVID-19, in the lab before they emerge in the real world.
Variants of viruses, such as that causing COVID-19, can now be quickly studied in the laboratory, even before they emerge in nature and become a major public health challenge.
The University of Queensland, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Monash University, and Queensland Health have developed a technology to manipulate viruses synthetically allowing rapid analysis and mapping of new potential virus variants.
UQ’s lead researcher Professor Alexander Khromykh said the technology was ideal for use during a global pandemic such as COVID-19.
“This technique should give us the ability to answer questions about whether potential virus variants are susceptible to a particular drug or vaccine, even before they emerge in nature,” Professor Khromykh said.
“Up until now, we’ve mostly just waited and reacted to viral variants as they emerge, and in the case of SARS-CoV-2 the world has been hit by Indian, UK and South African variants*, just to name a few.
Controlled Mutation Simulation
“Now we can mimic the massive ‘experiment’ going on in nature — where these mutations pop up due to natural selection — but we can do it safely in a strictly controlled and highly regulated biosecurity laboratory environment.”
The UQ-developed process uses copies of fragments from the viral genetic material to assemble the functional viral genome in a test tube. This allows scientists to rapidly generate virus variants and assess their potential to evade antiviral treatments and vaccine-induced immunity.
QIMR Berghofer helped to evaluate infection and disease caused by the ‘test tube’-made virus in pre-clinical models to ensure the technology was able to generate authentic viruses.
Predicting Vaccine and Drug Efficacy
Professor Andreas Suhrbier from QIMR Berghofer said the research was essential, as viruses were changing all the time.
“We can now monitor changes in viruses like SARS-CoV-2 and can see which variants may not respond to certain vaccines and anti-viral treatments. We can also investigate whether potential variants are more or less virulent in mice, and find out which drugs and vaccines will be effective.
“It’s great to finally have this vital tool and start tackling these challenging questions.”
The research has been published in Nature Communications.
*WHO has now re-classified these variants as Alpha (UK), Beta (South African) and Delta (Indian).
Reference: “A versatile reverse genetics platform for SARS-CoV-2 and other positive-strand RNA viruses” by Alberto A. Amarilla, Julian D. J. Sng, Rhys Parry, Joshua M. Deerain, James R. Potter, Yin Xiang Setoh, Daniel J. Rawle, Thuy T. Le, Naphak Modhiran, Xiaohui Wang, Nias Y. G. Peng, Francisco J. Torres, Alyssa Pyke, Jessica J. Harrison, Morgan E. Freney, Benjamin Liang, Christopher L. D. McMillan, Stacey T. M. Cheung, Darwin J. Da Costa Guevara, Joshua M. Hardy, Mark Bettington, David A. Muller, Fasséli Coulibaly, Frederick Moore, Roy A. Hall, Paul R. Young, Jason M. Mackenzie, Jody Hobson-Peters, Andreas Suhrbier, Daniel Watterson and Alexander A. Khromykh, 8 June 2021, Nature Communications.
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23779-5
The study featured collaborations from research groups including Professor Daniel Watterson, Dr Jody Hobson-Peters, Professor Paul Young and Professor Roy Hall from UQ; Professor Jason Mackenzie’s team at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity; Associate Professor Fasseli Coulibaly’s team at Monash University; Frederick Moore and the team at Forensic and Scientific Services Public Health Virology at Queensland Health.
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