Researchers have created a flexible semiconductor that efficiently converts body heat into electricity through atomic vacancy engineering. This innovation opens new possibilities for wearable devices, combining flexibility and high thermoelectric performance.
Researchers at Queensland University of Technology (QUT) have discovered a new material that could serve as a flexible semiconductor for wearable devices. Their approach centers on manipulating the spaces between atoms, known as “vacancies,” within a crystal structure.
In a study published in the prestigious journal Nature Communications, the team demonstrated how “vacancy engineering” significantly improves the performance of an AgCu(Te,Se,S) semiconductor, an alloy composed of silver, copper, tellurium, selenium, and sulfur. By carefully controlling atomic vacancies, they enhanced the material’s ability to convert body heat into electricity, a key function for powering wearable technologies.
Vacancy engineering involves the deliberate creation and management of empty atomic sites within a crystal. By tuning these vacancies, researchers can modify a material’s mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, leading to innovations such as more efficient energy conversion and improved flexibility.
Alongside first author Nanhai Li, the QUT researchers contributing to the study include Dr. Xiao-Lei Shi, Siqi Liu, Tian-Yi Cao, Min Zhang, Wan-Yu Lyu, Wei-Di Liu, Dongchen Qi, and Professor Zhi-Gang Chen, all from the ARC Research Hub in Zero-emission Power Generation for Carbon Neutrality, the QUT School of Chemistry and Physics, and the QUT Centre for Materials Science.
Synthesizing a Flexible Semiconductor
The Nature Communications article details the process in which the QUT researchers, guided by advanced computational design, synthesised a flexible AgCu(Te, Se, S) semiconductor through a simple and cost-effective melting method. Mr Li said precise control of the material’s atomic vacancies not only improved its capability of converting heat into electricity, but also gave the material excellent mechanical properties, meaning that it could be shaped in different ways to adapt to more complex practical applications.
To demonstrate the practical application potential of the material, the researchers designed several different micro-flexible devices based on the material that could be easily attached to a person’s arm.
Addressing Key Challenges for Wearable Technology
Mr Li said the study addressed the challenge of improving the heat-to-electricity conversion ability of an AgCu(Te, Se, S) semiconductor while still remaining flexible and stretchable, which were properties desired for wearable devices.
“Thermoelectric materials have drawn widespread attention over the past few decades in light of their unique ability to convert heat into electricity without generating pollution, noise, and requiring moving parts,” Mr Li said.
“As a continuous heat source, the human body produces a certain temperature difference with the surroundings, and when we exercise, that generates more heat and a larger temperature difference between the human body and the environment.”
Professor Chen said that with the swift advance of flexible electronics, the demand for flexible thermoelectric devices was growing significantly, and QUT researchers were at the forefront of research in this area.
In a separate recent study published in Science, Professor Chen and researchers from the ARC Research Hub in Zero-emission Power Generation for Carbon Neutrality developed an ultra-thin, flexible film that could power next-generation wearable devices using body heat, eliminating the need for batteries.
Future of Flexible Thermoelectric Devices
“The key to advancing flexible thermoelectric technology is to examine wide-ranging possibilities,” Professor Chen said.
“Mainstream flexible thermoelectric devices are currently fabricated using inorganic thin-film thermoelectric materials, organic thermoelectric materials deposited on flexible substrates, and hybrid composites of both.
“Both organic and inorganic materials have their limitations – organic materials typically suffer from low performance, and while inorganic materials offer better conductivity of heat and electricity, typically they are brittle and not flexible.
“The type of semiconductor used in this research is a rare inorganic material that has striking potential for flexible thermoelectric performance. However, the underlying physics and chemistry mechanisms for enhancing its performance while maintaining exceptional plasticity remained largely unexplored until now.”
Reference: “Strategic vacancy engineering advances record-high ductile AgCu(Te, Se, S) thermoelectrics” by Nan-Hai Li, Xiao-Lei Shi, Si-Qi Liu, Meng Li, Tian-Yi Cao, Min Zhang, Wan-Yu Lyu, Wei-Di Liu, Dong-Chen Qi and Zhi-Gang Chen, 21 March 2025, Nature Communications.
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-58104-x
The study was funded by the Australian Research Council.
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