Can You Trust Your Quantum Simulator? MIT Physicists Report a New Quantum Phenomenon

Quantum Atom Particle Physics Concept

Physicists at MIT have devised a protocol for verifying the accuracy of quantum experiments.

A recent development offers a method to confirm the validity of experiments investigating the peculiar behavior of atomic-scale systems.

Physics gets strange at the atomic scale. Scientists are utilizing quantum analog simulators – laboratory experiments that involve cooling numerous atoms to low temperatures and examining them using precisely calibrated lasers and magnets – to uncover, harness, and control these unusual quantum effects.

Scientists hope that any new understanding gained from quantum simulators will provide blueprints for designing new exotic materials, smarter and more efficient electronics, and practical quantum computers. But in order to reap the insights from quantum simulators, scientists first have to trust them.

That is, they have to be sure that their quantum device has “high fidelity” and accurately reflects quantum behavior. For instance, if a system of atoms is easily influenced by external noise, researchers could assume a quantum effect where there is none. But there has been no reliable way to characterize the fidelity of quantum analog simulators, until now.

In a study recently published in Nature, physicists from MIT and Caltech report a new quantum phenomenon: They found that there is a certain randomness in the quantum fluctuations of atoms and that this random behavior exhibits a universal, predictable pattern. Behavior that is both random and predictable may sound like a contradiction. But the team confirmed that certain random fluctuations can indeed follow a predictable, statistical pattern.

What’s more, the researchers have used this quantum randomness as a tool to characterize the fidelity of a quantum analog simulator. They showed through theory and experiments that they could determine the accuracy of a quantum simulator by analyzing its random fluctuations.

The team developed a new benchmarking protocol that can be applied to existing quantum analog simulators to gauge their fidelity based on their pattern of quantum fluctuations. The protocol could help to speed the development of new exotic materials and quantum computing systems.

“This work would allow characterizing many existing quantum devices with very high precision,” says study co-author Soonwon Choi, assistant professor of physics at MIT. “It also suggests there are deeper theoretical structures behind the randomness in chaotic quantum systems than we have previously thought about.”

The study’s authors include MIT graduate student Daniel Mark and collaborators at Caltech, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Harvard University, and the University of California at Berkeley.

Random evolution

The new study was motivated by an advance in 2019 by Google, where researchers had built a digital quantum computer, dubbed “Sycamore,” that could carry out a specific computation more quickly than a classical computer.

Whereas the computing units in a classical computer are “bits” that exist as either a 0 or a 1, the units in a quantum computer, known as “qubits,” can exist in a superposition of multiple states. When multiple qubits interact, they can in theory run special algorithms that solve difficult problems in far shorter time than any classical computers.

The Google researchers engineered a system of superconducting loops to behave as 53 qubits, and showed that the “computer” could carry out a specific calculation that would normally be too thorny for even the fastest supercomputer in the world to solve.

Google also happened to show that it could quantify the system’s fidelity. By randomly changing the state of individual qubits and comparing the resulting states of all 53 qubits with what the principles of quantum mechanics predict, they were able to measure the system’s accuracy.

Choi and his colleagues wondered whether they could use a similar, randomized approach to gauge the fidelity of quantum analog simulators. But there was one hurdle they would have to clear: Unlike Google’s digital quantum system, individual atoms and other qubits in analog simulators are incredibly difficult to manipulate and therefore randomly control.

But through some theoretical modeling, Choi realized that the collective effect of individually manipulating qubits in Google’s system could be reproduced in an analog quantum simulator by simply letting the qubits naturally evolve.

“We figured out that we don’t have to engineer this random behavior,” Choi says. “With no fine-tuning, we can just let the natural dynamics of quantum simulators evolve, and the outcome would lead to a similar pattern of randomness due to chaos.”

Building trust

As an extremely simplified example, imagine a system of five qubits. Each qubit can exist simultaneously as a 0 or a 1, until a measurement is made, whereupon the qubits settle into one or the other state. With any one measurement, the qubits can take on one of 32 different combinations: 0-0-0-0-0, 0-0-0-0-1, and so on.

“These 32 configurations will occur with a certain probability distribution, which people believe should be similar to predictions of statistical physics,” Choi explains. “We show they agree on average, but there are deviations and fluctuations that exhibit a universal randomness that we did not know. And that randomness looks the same as if you ran those random operations that Google did.”

The researchers hypothesized that if they could develop a numerical simulation that precisely represents the dynamics and universal random fluctuations of a quantum simulator, they could compare the predicted outcomes with the simulator’s actual outcomes. The closer the two are, the more accurate the quantum simulator must be.

To test this idea, Choi teamed up with experimentalists at Caltech, who engineered a quantum analog simulator comprising 25 atoms. The physicists shone a laser on the experiment to collectively excite the atoms, then let the qubits naturally interact and evolve over time. They measured the state of each qubit over multiple runs, gathering 10,000 measurements in all.

Choi and colleagues also developed a numerical model to represent the experiment’s quantum dynamics, and incorporated an equation that they derived to predict the universal, random fluctuations that should arise. The researchers then compared their experimental measurements with the model’s predicted outcomes and observed a very close match — strong evidence that this particular simulator can be trusted as reflecting pure, quantum mechanical behavior.

More broadly, the results demonstrate a new way to characterize almost any existing quantum analog simulator.

“The ability to characterize quantum devices forms a very basic technical tool to build increasingly larger, more precise, and complex quantum systems,” Choi says. “With our tool, people can know whether they are working with a trustable system.”

Reference: “Preparing random states and benchmarking with many-body quantum chaos” by Joonhee Choi, Adam L. Shaw, Ivaylo S. Madjarov, Xin Xie, Ran Finkelstein, Jacob P. Covey, Jordan S. Cotler, Daniel K. Mark, Hsin-Yuan Huang, Anant Kale, Hannes Pichler, Fernando G. S. L. Brandão, Soonwon Choi, and Manuel Endres, 18 January 2023, Nature.
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05442-1

The study was funded, in part, by the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the Army Research Office, and the Department of Energy.

7 Comments on "Can You Trust Your Quantum Simulator? MIT Physicists Report a New Quantum Phenomenon"

  1. Fixed gravity for you. | February 12, 2023 at 8:14 am | Reply

    The art here shows what looks like a molecule emitting collimated twisting beams of energy directed along its bonding angles.

    Since I come up with a couple of ideas for improving gravity models, specifically two properties, one I sometimes refer to as “cold nucleonic gravitational focus” and the other as a “vacuum dipole roll” in gravity flow, I’ve been interested in the art used in quantum science articles to see if anything I’m talking about is being depicted.

    The story itself here is a little too vague to get much interest from me.

    • Fixed gravity for you. | February 12, 2023 at 8:51 am | Reply

      PS I’m guessing the picture is supposed to represent a methane molecule with its four hydrogen protons sticking out tetrahedrally and am sorry for my typo where “come up” should have been “came up.”

      • Fixed gravity for you. | February 12, 2023 at 9:52 am | Reply

        PPS the molecule appears to be glasslike and thus it reminds me of when GR people to use wineglass stems to attempt to explain gravitational lensing.
        Each proton further appears to carry an interference pattern formed by two mutually-opposed spiral patterns and thus bears slight resemblance to spiral galaxies and my concept of galactic scale quantum “vacuum dipole roll” effect based loosely on Dirac’s LNH adapted to replace E/G force ratio for electrons with the same for protons. A vector field “roll” (equivalently a vector “pitch” around any arbitrary horizon) defined by Ten to the minus 15th power meters raised by 10 to the 36th power is galactic scale, i.e. around 100k light-years, in a stationary wavecycle.

        • Fixed gravity for you. | February 12, 2023 at 9:57 am | Reply

          Art like this gets me a little impatient sometimes. Another typo in what I just wrote: “GR people to use wineglass stems” should be “GR people use wineglass stems.”

          • Fixed gravity for you. | February 12, 2023 at 10:18 am |

            PPPPS I’m interested in hitting the comment nesting limit. Speaking of GR people and wineglasses, MIT’s media office has taken many hits for accepting a lot of money from Jeffrey Epstein but of course they were probably just helping to hide an investigation, being completely above board and all that.

    • No one is interested in your schizophrenic word salad.

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