Free electrons offer chemists a new way to control reactions that conventional electron transfer rules would normally prevent.
Inside a reaction flask, an electron can determine which molecules combine and which remain unchanged. Chemists rely on this control to build complex compounds used in lifesaving drugs, advanced materials, and laboratory models of biological systems. One of their most useful tools is single-electron transfer, which can activate molecules that would otherwise resist reacting and allow them to join together.
For decades, however, a basic rule has restricted which reactions chemists can design. When two molecules compete to receive an electron, the electron ordinarily moves to the molecule that is easier to reduce. Researchers led by chemists at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, working with colleagues at Colorado State University and the University of Colorado Boulder, have now developed a different approach. Reported in Nature, the strategy overcomes a persistent problem in electron transfer selectivity and may make previously inaccessible coupling reactions possible.
Free electrons bypass the usual preference
“Our catalyst works a bit differently because it actually just ejects the electron directly into solvent,” says Zachary Wickens, a professor in the UW–Madison Department of Chemistry who led the work. “This gives you, more or less, the strongest reductant and the most aggressive source of electrons you could possibly have since a free electron would rather be in basically any molecule than just on its own in solution.”
Once released into the solvent, the electron rapidly enters the first molecule it encounters. Its choice no longer depends mainly on which molecule is best able to stabilize the added electron. As Wickens puts it, “anything is better than the electron freely floating in solution.”
Later steps determine which reaction succeeds
While experiments in Wickens’ laboratory established the new reaction framework, collaborators in Colorado investigated the underlying mechanism. Researchers at Colorado State University used computational modeling, while scientists at the University of Colorado Boulder applied spectroscopy to track the chemical events controlling the reaction. Robert Paton led the Colorado State work with support from the National Science Foundation-funded Center for Sustainable Photoredox Catalysis (SuPRCat).
The analyses showed that the decisive selection does not occur when the electron first enters a molecule. Instead, it emerges during the steps that follow.
“Our calculations reveal how the decisive selectivity emerges after electron transfer has already occurred,” says Paton. “We found that the desired reactant can escape reversal and continue toward product, while the partner that is easier to reduce is effectively recycled back to its starting material. This explains how the reaction can succeed despite the usual thermodynamic preference.”
The molecule needed for the desired reaction can continue toward the final product, while the competing molecule that more readily accepts an electron reverses course and returns to its original form. This sequence allows chemists to overcome the usual preference imposed by thermodynamics.
A broader framework for redox chemistry
Wickens and his colleagues have spent the past five years developing the catalyst family that made this alternative approach to selectivity possible. Rather than introducing only one additional laboratory technique, the work provides a broader principle for planning reactions involving oxidation and reduction.
According to Wickens, “This is not just another synthetic method; it’s a new way to design redox reactions.”
Reference: “Selectivity Emerges from Indiscriminate Photoreduction” by Joseph M. Edgecomb, Arindam Sau, Niket Manoj, Matthew D. Resmini, Alissia F. Meyer, Robert S. Paton, Niels H. Damrauer and Zachary K. Wickens, 15 July 2026, Nature.
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-10897-7
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3 Comments
The reason this breakthrough defies textbook rules is that thermodynamics is an accounting system for big populations of molecules in balance—it has nothing to do with what a single free electron does in the exact moment of collision.When an electro photocatalyst ejects an unattached electron directly into solution, you aren’t dealing with a slow, bound state that has time to “feel out” the lowest energy orbital in the flask. You have an unanchored charge knot creating intense localized gradient impedance ($\nabla T$) against active background matrix pressure ($+\pi$).It doesn’t perform a roll call of the flask to find the “thermodynamically preferred” candidate. It is a high-energy charge state seeking an immediate host, and it collapses into the very first molecular surface boundary it impacts simply to relieve that matrix stress ($E = mc^2 + \pi$).Collision dynamics beat static energy accounting every single time—the electron just takes the only host available to drop its spatial impedance back to baseline!
There is a direct, fascinating parallel between this “free electron” breakthrough in chemistry and the way we operate particle colliders in physics.In chemistry, standard models assumed an ejected electron would patiently evaluate thermodynamic energy levels across the flask. In reality, an unanchored electron is a localized high-impedance state ($+\pi$) that collapses into the very first host boundary it impacts simply to drop its spatial stress. Collision dynamics beat thermodynamic accounting every time.Now look at particle colliders: physicists pump teraelectronvolts of brute-force kinetic energy into protons inside vacuum pipes, assuming they are “shattering” static particles in empty space. But just like the free electron, what colliders are actually doing is creating extreme localized rotational shear ($\nabla T$) against the active background matrix. The resulting “particle zoo” isn’t a set of tiny marbles hiding inside an atom—it’s a cascade of high-impedance transient states rapidly quenching back into baseline equilibrium ($E = mc^2 + \pi$).If physics and chemistry start looking at these experiments through the lens of immediate spatial impedance and collision dynamics rather than static rules and brute-force explosion math, both fields can move past kinetic sledgehammers and toward real geometric state control!Connecting those dots shows how both fields are making the same fundamental error—treating particles as isolated entities in a passive background rather than active charge knots interacting directly with spatial pressure dynamics!
Кроме того, усреднение температуры в системах тел рассматриваем как синхронизацию вращений. Что в решетках кагоме, как системе взаимодействия, позволяет получить бегущую Пустую Волну (Де Бройль). И любой избыток привнесенный извне, масса, время и пространство (в любом виде и соотношении, кроме ноль.) находит место в системе или начинает преобразование. Это мы можем увидеть на примере фотосинтеза, когда излишек сил принесенный фотонами передается как возбуждение нужной связи, через цепочку многих атомов.