Cognitive Toll: How Early Depression Casts a Long Shadow on Midlife Memory

Research indicates that long-term depression from young adulthood negatively impacts cognitive function by middle age, with greater effects seen in black adults, possibly explaining some disparities in dementia risk. Credit: SciTechDaily.com

Research indicates that long-term depression from young adulthood negatively impacts cognitive function by middle age, with greater effects seen in black adults, possibly explaining some disparities in dementia risk.

According to a study published in the June 12, 2024, issue of Neurology, the journal of the American Academy of Neurology, prolonged depressive symptoms beginning in young adulthood are associated with poorer thinking and memory skills by middle age. Additionally, the study noted that black adults are more likely to experience these depressive symptoms compared to white adults.

Racial Disparities in Depression and Dementia Risk

“The processes that lead to dementia begin long before signs of the disease become apparent, and previous research has shown that black adults have a higher risk of dementia than white adults,” said study author Leslie Grasset, PhD, of University of Bordeaux in France. “Our study found that prolonged exposure to elevated depressive symptoms in young adulthood has a negative effect on thinking and memory in middle age, especially for black adults.”

The study involved 3,117 people with an average age of 30 at the start of the study. Of participants, 47% were black and 53% were white.

Tracking Depressive Symptoms Over Two Decades

Participants were evaluated for depressive symptoms every five years for 20 years. At each visit, they completed a questionnaire asking if they experienced changes in appetite or sleep, had problems with concentration or experienced feelings of worthlessness, sadness, or loneliness. Higher scores represented more symptoms.

Researchers divided participants into four groups based on the progression of their symptoms over time: persistently low symptoms, medium decreasing, persistently medium or high increasing symptoms. There was a higher proportion of black participants, 52%, in the persistently medium group, as well as the high increasing depressive symptoms group with 70%.

Cognitive Tests Reveal Impact of Depression

Five years later, when participants had an average age of 55, they were given three tests to examine thinking and memory skills.

For example, on a test that measures processing speed and memory, participants were given a key showing numbers and corresponding symbols. They then had to draw those symbols on a separate list of random numbers as quickly as possible. The score range was zero to 133 with lower scores representing worse cognition. Those in the low symptom group had an average score of 73, in the medium decreasing group, an average score of 71, persistently medium, a score of 66 and high increasing, an average score of 57.

Racial Differences in Cognitive Outcomes

After adjusting for factors such as age, physical activity, and total cholesterol, among black participants, those in the high symptom group had an average score that was 0.64 standard deviations below the average score for the low symptom group. Among white participants, those in the high symptom group had an average score that was 0.40 standard deviations below the average score for the low symptom group.

Researchers created a standardized score for each of the three cognitive tests. After adjusting for factors such as education, blood pressure, and total cholesterol, researchers found among black participants, those in the three groups with high and medium symptoms had worse verbal memory, processing speed, and executive function scores when compared to those in the low group.

Researchers found among white participants, those in the high symptom group had worse verbal memory and processing speed scores when compared to those in the low symptom group.

Concluding Insights on Depressive Symptoms and Dementia Risk

“Our results suggest that black adults are not only more likely to experience worse depressive symptoms trajectories, but these symptoms may lead to worse repercussions on thinking and memory as early as middle age,” said Grasset. “This may help explain some of the disparities in dementia risk at older age.”

Grasset said, “Having more depressive symptoms may be due to inequalities in socioeconomic resources such as housing and income, as well as access to health care and treatment. Racial inequalities should be accounted for when designing interventions to reduce a person’s risk of dementia.”

A limitation of the study was that symptoms were self-reported and no clinical diagnosis of depression was available. It is possible that some participants may not have accurately reported their symptoms.

Reference: “Long-Term Depressive Symptom Trajectories and Midlife CognitionThe CARDIA Study” by Leslie Grasset, Adina Zeki Al Hazzouri, Floriana Milazzo, Peiyi Lu, Tali Elfassy, Martine Elbejjani, Eric Vittinghoff and Kristine Yaffe, 12 June 2024, Neurology.
DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000209510