Simple Changes to Animal Feed Could Supply Food for One Billion People

Livestock and fish could be fed more agricultural by-products, freeing up more food for people.

Even with millions around the world facing the threat of famine or malnutrition, the production of feed for livestock and fish is tying up limited natural resources that could be used to produce more food for people. New research from Aalto University, published today (September 19) in Nature Food, shows how adjustments to the feeding of livestock and fish could maintain production while making more food available for people. These relatively simple changes would increase the global food supply significantly, providing calories for up to 13% more people. What’s more, it does so without requiring any increase in natural resource use or major dietary changes. 

Approximately a third of cereal crop production is currently used as animal feed, and about a quarter of captured fish aren’t used to feed people. Matti Kummu, an associate professor of global water and food issues at Aalto University, led a team of researchers that investigated the potential of using crop residues and food by-products in livestock and aquaculture production to free up the human-usable material to feed people.

“This was the first time anyone has collected the food and feed flows in this detail globally, from both terrestrial and aquatic systems, and combined them together. That let us understand how much of the food by-products and residues is already in use, which was the first step to determining the untapped potential,” explains Kummu.

Shifting to By-Products and Crop Residues for Animal Feed

The investigators analyzed the flow of food and feed, as well as their by-products and residues, through the global food production system. They then identified ways to shift these flows to produce a better outcome. For instance, livestock and farmed fish could be fed food system by-products, such as sugar beet or citrus pulp, fish and livestock by-products, or even crop residues, instead of materials that are fit for human use. 

With these simple changes, up to 10-26% of total cereal production and 17 million tons of fish (~11% of the current seafood supply) could be redirected from animal feed to human use. Depending on the exact scenario, the gains in the food supply would be 6-13% in terms of caloric content and 9-15% in terms of protein content. “That may not sound like a lot, but that’s food for up to about one billion people,” says Vilma Sandström, the first author of the study and Postdoctoral Researcher at Aalto University.

These findings dovetail nicely with earlier work from Kummu’s group on reducing food loss throughout the supply chain, from production, transport, and storage through to consumer waste. “In that study, we showed that reducing food loss and waste by half would increase the food supply by about 12%. Combined with using by-products as feed, that would be about one-quarter more food,” he says.

Although some of the changes, such as feeding crop residues to livestock, would lead to a drop in livestock productivity, the researchers already accounted for that in their analysis. Another challenge is that the human-edible food currently used in livestock production and aquaculture is different from the food people are used to. For example, a different variety of corn is used in feed industries and some of the grains are of lower quality. Likewise, the fish used in fishmeal production tend to be small, bony fish that currently aren’t popular with consumers.

Shifting to By-Products and Crop Residues for Animal Feed

However, overcoming these challenges could result in substantial gains, though realizing these benefits would require some adjustments in supply chains. “For example, we’d need to reorganize the food system so that the industries and producers with by-products can find the livestock and aquaculture producers who would need them. And some of the by-products would need processing prior to using them as feed,” says Sandström.

“I don’t think there’s any serious problem with doing this. What we’re suggesting is already being done on a certain scale and in some areas, so it’s not something that would have to be developed from scratch. We just need to adjust the current system and increase the scale of those practices,” Kummu concludes.

Reference: “Food system by-products upcycled in livestock and aquaculture feeds can increase global food supply” by Vilma Sandström, Anna Chrysafi, Marjukka Lamminen, Max Troell, Mika Jalava, Johannes Piipponen, Stefan Siebert, Ollie van Hal, Vili Virkki and Matti Kummu, 19 September 2022, Nature Food.
DOI: 10.1038/s43016-022-00589-6

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