Neuroscientists at Stanford have linked Alzheimer’s disease to the disruption of brain metabolism via the kynurenine pathway, which is affected by amyloid plaque and tau proteins.
Their research has demonstrated that drugs blocking this pathway can restore cognitive function in Alzheimer’s mice by improving brain metabolism. This discovery not only bridges the gap between neuroscience and oncology but also provides a fast track to repurposing existing drugs for Alzheimer’s treatment.
Alzheimer’s Disease and Brain Energy Metabolism
Neuroscientists believe one of the key mechanisms by which Alzheimer’s disease impairs brain function is through the disruption of glucose metabolism, which is essential for energizing a healthy brain. Essentially, a decrease in metabolism deprives the brain of vital energy, thereby hindering cognitive functions and memory.
Against that backdrop, a team of neuroscientists at the Knight Initiative for Brain Resilience at Stanford’s Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute have zeroed in on a critical regulator of brain metabolism known as the kynurenine pathway. They hypothesize that the kynurenine pathway is overactivated as a result of amyloid plaque and tau proteins that accumulate in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease.
Restoring Cognitive Function in Lab Mice
Now, with support from research and training grants from the Knight Initiative, they have shown that by blocking the kynurenine pathway in lab mice with Alzheimer’s Disease, they can improve, or even restore, cognitive function by reinstating healthy brain metabolism.
“We were surprised that these metabolic improvements were so effective at not just preserving healthy synapses, but in actually rescuing behavior. The mice performed better in cognitive and memory tests when we gave them drugs that block the kynurenine pathway,” said senior author, Katrin Andreasson, a neurologist at the Stanford School of Medicine and member of the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute.
The study, which included collaborations with researchers at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Penn State University, and others, was published on August 22, 2024, in the journal Science.
Hungry Neurons
In the brain, kynurenine regulates production of the energy molecule lactate, which nourishes the brain’s neurons and helps maintain healthy synapses. Andreasson and her fellow researchers specifically looked at the enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 — or IDO1, for short — which generates kynurenine. Their hypothesis was that increases in IDO1 and kynurenine triggered by accumulation of amyloid and tau proteins would disrupt healthy brain metabolism and lead to cognitive decline.
“The kynurenine pathway is over activated in astrocytes, a critical cell type that metabolically supports neurons. When this happens, astrocytes cannot produce enough lactate as an energy source for neurons, and this disrupts healthy brain metabolism and harms synapses” Andreasson said. Blocking production of kynurenine by blocking IDO1 restores the ability of astrocytes to nourish neurons with lactate.
Potential Fast-Tracking of IDO1 Inhibitors
Best of all for Andreasson, and for Alzheimer’s patients, IDO1 is well known in oncology and there are already drugs in clinical trials to suppress IDO1 activity and production of kynurenine. That meant Andreasson could circumvent the time-intensive work of identifying new drugs and to begin testing in lab mice almost immediately.
In those tests, in which mice with Alzheimer’s Disease must navigate an obstacle course before and after drug intervention, Andreasson and team found that the drugs improved hippocampal glucose metabolism, corrected deficient astrocytic performance, and improved the mice’s spatial memory.
Promising Results Across Different Pathologies
“We also can’t overlook the fact that we saw this improvement in brain plasticity in mice with both amyloid and tau mice models. These are completely different pathologies, and the drugs appear to work for both,” Andreasson noted. “That was really exciting to us.”
Better yet, this intersection between neuroscience, oncology, and pharmacology could help speed drugs to market if proved effective in ongoing human clinical trials for cancer.
“We’re hopeful that IDO1 inhibitors developed for cancer could be repurposed for treatment of AD,” Andreasson stressed.
A Glimpse into the Future of Alzheimer’s Treatment
The next step is to test IDO1 inhibitors in human Alzheimer’s patients to see if they show similar improvements in cognition and memory. Prior clinical tests in cancer patients tested the effectiveness of IDO1 inhibitors on cancer but did not anticipate or measure improvements in cognition and memory. Andreasson is hoping to investigate IDO1 inhibitors in human trials for Alzheimer’s disease in the near future.
Reference: “Restoring hippocampal glucose metabolism rescues cognition across Alzheimer’s disease pathologies” by Paras S. Minhas, Jeffrey R. Jones, Amira Latif-Hernandez, Yuki Sugiura, Aarooran S. Durairaj, Qian Wang, Siddhita D. Mhatre, Takeshi Uenaka, Joshua Crapser, Travis Conley, Hannah Ennerfelt, Yoo Jin Jung, Ling Liu, Praveena Prasad, Brenita C. Jenkins, Yeonglong Albert Ay, Matthew Matrongolo, Ryan Goodman, Traci Newmeyer, Kelly Heard, Austin Kang, Edward N. Wilson, Tao Yang, Erik M. Ullian, Geidy E. Serrano, Thomas G. Beach, Marius Wernig, Joshua D. Rabinowitz, Makoto Suematsu, Frank M. Longo, Melanie R. McReynolds, Fred H. Gage and Katrin I. Andreasson, 23 August 2024, Science.
DOI: 10.1126/science.abm6131
Stanford Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute / Knight Initiative for Brain Resilience Authors:
Paras S. Minhas (co-lead), Amira Latif-Hernandez (co-lead), Aarooran S. Durairaj, Qian Wang, Siddhita D. Mhatre, Takeshi Uenaka, Joshua Crapser, Travis Conley, Hannah Ennerfelt, Yoo Jin Jung, Yeonglong Albert Ay, Matthew Matrongolo, Edward N. Wilson, Tao Yang, Marius Wernig, Frank M. Longo, and Katrin I. Andreasson (corresponding).
Other Contributing Institutions
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies (including co-lead author Jeffrey R. Jones), Keio University, Princeton University, Penn State University, UC San Francisco, and the Banner Sun Research Institute.
Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute / Knight Initiative for Brain Resilience Support:
The research was supported by an Innovation Award and a Brain Resilience Scholar Award from the Knight Initiative for Brain Resilience at the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute. The study made use of Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute Community Laboratories: the Stanford Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory and the Stanford Neuroscience Microscopy Service, as well as the Stanford Mass Spectroscopy Core.
Competing Interests:
Andreasson is a co-founder, board member, and consultant for Willow Neuroscience, Inc. Longo is a founder of, board member of, and consultant for and has financial interest in PharmatrophiX, a company focused on small-molecule development for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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43 Comments
“Their research has demonstrated that drugs blocking this pathway can restore cognitive function in Alzheimer’s mice by improving brain metabolism.” False!
Lab mice do not have Alzheimer’s disease, which is a disease of humans that takes decades to develop. They have been genetically engineered to develop protein deposits in their brains. This is entirely different than human Alzheimer’s, and these proteins are not the cause of this disease, but a symptom. So this research creates a false equivalency between mice and humans, and between mice with genetically-mutated brains and humans with brains that have been damaged over the years.
What can cause the damage. “Neuroscientists believe one of the key mechanisms by which Alzheimer’s disease impairs brain function is through the disruption of glucose metabolism, which is essential for energizing a healthy brain. Essentially, a decrease in metabolism deprives the brain of vital energy, thereby hindering cognitive functions and memory.”
There is a simple lifestyle that causes low brain glucose, and that is sleeping too flat. Sleep position affects brain circulation, and sleeping too flat impairs circulation all night, resulting in lower brain glucose as the night progresses. For some people, this causes a migraine, which is the body’s attempt to get fresh blood into the brain. When elevating the head-of-the-bed about 10-30 degrees, brain circulation improves dramatically, eliminating migraines, and improving lots of other things, including memory, and reducing sleep apnea, reducing glaucoma, and more.
See my article, Heads up! The Way You are Sleeping May Be Killing You.
https://www.academia.edu/1483361/Heads_Up_The_Way_You_Are_Sleeping_May_Be_Killing_You_
Thanks for your insights. I expect that if there was any efficacy be found in any of this, it would only make its way to the marketplace in about 40 years, and only if Big Pharma can make an obscene killing and exploiting everyone with colossally expensive treatments. It’s how best to serve the shareholders.
Probably cheaper to have regular vitamin B12 injections from the age of 60, for those with family history of cognitive decline or autoimmune conditions.
I’ve tried getting them, one doctor did but when I moved the new doctors refused
Will ask neurologist for dad. 92 dementia decline at 90 due to untreated stroke for 4 days. Hope this can help him
It is vitamin B-12 we need then?
For memory loss?
I totally agree.
Interesting.
Sounds kooky
It’s the process food people eat it has nothing to do with how they sleep.
Gr8 info!
🎬
That’s a bit of an ignorant response as blood flow to the brain or lack there of is what causes brain damage. No hate just an observation.
Interesting. Thank you
Fascinating. I can believe that; I sleep at an angle for digestion. At 84, I seem sharp as a tack. Of course, others might not agree!!
As I posted above, the lack of oxygen to a person’s brain say in a drowning victim or someone who has died for a bit is known to cause brain damage due to a lack of oxygen to the brain so it makes perfect sense to me.
I discovered that an angle helps my sleep decades ago. I put a 4×4 with a wedge cut out of one side face up and placed that under the head wheels of the bed. My bed has been this way for at least 10 years, before that just a one-inch thick board for another 10–15 years.
However, I highly doubt all the claims. This is just a way to improve sleep and hope to get a wee bit more. It is no cure-all. Any number of things can improve sleep. The main things that help prevent Alzheimer’s are regular cardiovascular exercise and 7+ hours of regular restful sleep. I still have not solved my sleep issue. And my body got used to the incline. Makes it hard to sleep anywhere else…like in a hotel bed.
I have stopped eating dinner. I have tried many other things to try to get good sleep. But I have not solved it. Some things have made improvements: Air filtration (HEPA), humidifier, AC (in the summer), cleaning all the dust out of my room using a damp cloth and vacuum with HEPA, dealing with lights, red light at night before sleep, avoiding talking half an hour before bed, various supplements, aspirin and Ibuprofen if I wake in the middle, soft quiet blankets, a canopy that blocks more light, a soft breeze from a very quiet fan (just my air filter), cotton in my ears, lost 60 lb… Small, incremental stuff. But I got up at 4:30AM, so, not enough. Too many stressors (caring for an elderly vulnerable parent, and many other things), ear rigging that sound like an angle grinder 7/24, an arm itch caused by nerve damage and anxiety genes. And it is hard for me to remember to do everything for bed. Hard to avoid a muchy before bed when skipping dinner. That (an ounce of turkey), forgetting to brush my teeth, forgetting the ice treatment for my arms, not getting my exercise today, a blinking light I missed and getting the wrong amount of covers, is what did me in tonight. If I do everything, I do have a reasonable chance of getting a night’s sleep.
There are any number of articles that cover one thing or another that help prevent Alzheimer’s and other dementias: Hibiscus tea, aroma therapy at night where there are several different smells at different times, a sleeping pill (suvorexant, but others may be as effective), Choline, Green Tea, Resveratrol, D-serine, The Bredesen Protocol, Trigonelline, Propionate, Inulin and Fructooligosaccharides, the synthetic peptide PHDP5, and killing/reducing Collinsella, Ruminococcus, and Bifidobacterium in the gut. These are just some of the more recent topics.
But the biggies are cardio and sleep. There is some evidence that sauna can substitute for cardio in regard to the protective effects against Alzheimer’s. That could be useful for people who can exercise because of arthritis or weakness. Of course, care must be taken. One has to build up tolerance to a sauna. And they must be monitored, preferably accompanied. People can pass out, or worse. And as already mentioned, a sleeping pill may work for sleep if all else fails.
In regards to brain function, I believe infinintly more the scientists from Stanford Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute / Knight Initiative for Brain Resilience than I do the quacks making coments in these chat chains. Maybe you sold all go bowling with donald trump and some chlorox.
Lying flat does improve blood flow to the brain and the whole body, dah. Head elevation improves air circulation and breathing even sleep apnea. Ask a patient and they’ll wonder where you got your degrees.
The text is too light. Who can read it??
All of us. Check your phone display settings.
My text is pure black on bright white background.
I have recently been diagnosed with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). A brainscan showed that I had 2 strokes in my life. The strokes blocked my brain veins. I am also a diabetic since I was 42.
I am now 72 years of age. Can I hope this discovery can help me not to get into Alzheimer’s disease easily?
Claire, you don’t need to wait for a drug. Diabetes and Alzheimer’s are more closely related than you realise. Alzheimer’s has long been dubbed diabetes of the brain or type 3 diabetes in the scientific community. Diabetes is insulin resistance just occuring if different cells of the body or brain. Resolve insulin resistance and you stand a good chance of recovery from both. These guys just want to sell a drug but thankfully you can do it through putting your body into ketosis to address the metabolic dysfunction in your cells. Check out Metabolic Mind on YouTube or there was a good documentary called Magic Pill that’s worth watching
Type 3 is only a subset of Alzheimer’s. I think it is around 1/3 of cases. And just because someone has Diabetes, it does not mean they have type 3 in the brain. A broader approach to minimizing progression or reversal is sounder in theory.
This is speculation on my part, having read a lot of stuff. Sleep quality and duration, and regular cardiovascular exercise at zone 2. That is exercising where you are at the edge of needing to open your mouth but can keep it closed. The mouth closed has advantages, which are complex. If one cannot exercise because of arthritis, weakness or frailty and associated risks, sauna where you get and increased heart rate similar to exercise can likely benefit the brain similarly, though without many of the other benefits of exercise. The sauna treatment does not require the head to be in the sauna. With head out and maybe even someone applying ice to the head to minimize discomfort should still have the same benefits. And at higher temps can even relieve depression…though such a level should be done with professionals.
Depression, anxiety, loneliness and such can be detrimental to health brain aging.
Why don’t you just need a healthy ketogenic diet?
What about a series of time-release gel coated, biodegradable or fragmenting, very thin, turbine-motor assisted, tubular remote-control nano-robotic millipedes, that could be run through the veins of the body counter to blood flow, like nanorobotic Roomba/dull blender/whale/millipede things, designed to surround, thrust and crawl through blockages, using its hollow design, stubby legs, the body’s own blood pressure and the parts of the internal turbine to power through and break up those blockages in the bloodstream until they dissolve and get wasted out naturally by the body? I know, creepy but I think it could work, if it’s invented and tested.
I believe the biggies are sleep quality and duration, and regular cardiovascular exercise at zone 2. That is exercising where you are at the edge of needing to open your mouth but can keep it closed. The mouth closed has advantages, which are complex. If one cannot exercise because of arthritis, weakness or frailty and associated risks, sauna where you get an increased heart rate similar to exercise can likely benefit the brain similarly, though without many of the other benefits of exercise. The sauna treatment does not require the head to be in the sauna. With head out and maybe even someone applying ice to the head to minimize discomfort should still have the same benefits. And at higher temps can even relieve depression…though such a level should be done with professionals.
Depression, anxiety, loneliness and such can be detrimental to health brain aging.
I also suspect Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs) in the diet and created in the body as having a role in the creation and progression of dementias. I have tried to address these in my own life. These AGEs stiffen tissues, and create inflammation via the RAGE pathway, including in the brain. AGEs are molecules that are part carbohydrate and part either protein or lipid. 2 molecules stuck together, bonded through cooking, machine blending or fermentation. Some, mostly lower levels, are in foods even when raw, but mostly in low amounts. Pine nuts are high right off the tree, and cashews are somewhat high. AGEs cannot be avoided in the diet, but you can greatly reduce them, by avoiding foods high in them. The higher the temperature the food is raised to assuming significant presence of carbs and protein and/or fats, the more likely there will be high levels. This can be slightly reduced if the food is acidic when cooked. Similarly, with blending, if carbs are present then you want only carbs and water or vinegar/lemon juice or similar acid. If you have protein or fats you want in there, then blend these separately. You can then stir them together by hand after blending. For cheese, choices are very limited. Ricotta, cottage, mozzarella and string cheese. Parmesan is the worst tested. So no Alfredo sauce either. Butter is out, as is margarine and any similar spreads. No mayo unless it is “low fat.” That tested better. No deep-fried, pan fried, roasted, grilled or broiled meats. Actually, only reasonable in stew, chili, and soup and related method with water as an intermediary. Though, the way the food industry is, you probably have to make it yourself, because that has to be the first time the meat is cooked not the second time. If they cooked it without water first, and then put it in the can, it will still have high AGEs. Bacon has the highest, and obviously bacon grease and anything made with that. All processed meats are not equal, amazingly. A boiled sausage, where there is a lot of texture, might be okay. And some cold cuts where it was not heavily blended, and you can clearly the natural texture intact. Being extruded such as in hamburger is fine. If the texture is uniform such as with hot dogs, baloney, peperoni, and such it will be very high. I make turkey burger boiled in 1/8 inch of water in a covered skillet, but I mix into the burger fennel seed and marjoram and black pepper, and that scratches that itch for sausage. That tastes very similar but without all the AGEs. Nut and seeds must be raw, same with nut and seed oils. No “roasted” or browned oils like the sesame oil in Asian cooking or walnut oil.
In the body, there are a number of supplements that reduce the formation of AGEs in the body. In my opinion, everyone with diabetes or pre-diabetes should be taking these: Vitamin C, benfotiamine, P-5-P, alpha-lipoic acid, taurine, and carnosine.
All this said, there is a good chance your cognitive decline has nothing to do with this and is just the result of cardiovascular disease. But there too, AGEs are major offenders. But there are other actors of concern: bacteria in the mouth, lead in the food, or other means of exposure. Chances are you have a lot of lead in your bones because the body can’t distinguish lead from calcium. So, if there was lead in the air when you were born and growing into an adult, there is strong reason to believe there is a lot of lead in your bones. Some people realize this and try chealation therapy. I think this is the wrong approach. Too easy to free way too much lead at once. I think the best approach is resistance training to keep muscles strong and exert forces on the bones that resist bone mass loss. Regular DEXA scans can tell you how you are doing at retaining bone density. Additionally, I have removed all the biggest culprits in lead from food from my diet: all grape products, yams, carrots, chocolate, mustard greens, pea protein, hemp protein, apple juice, and pear juice. Important to have an orange vegetable, though, so either butternut squash or pumpkin. A study in 2018 showed that 412,000 Americans were dying from low level lead exposure every year, most of those from cardiovascular diseases. Insuring that the calcium you consume is free of lead can be very beneficial, because clean calcium can help put out the lead from the bones very slowly and safely. Milk is generally good, as are the specific cheeses I mentioned. Sweating, such as in the sauna, can also help remove lead.
They will never have cure for Alzheimer’s or cancer…..the pharmaceutical industries want no cures. They will buy every patent or cure
The cure growing your own food.
The Chinese say all disease enters through the mouth and nose.
Sounds kooky
Hypocrates, called the father of medicine, said “let food be thy medicine”.
This is a perfect example of how money corrupts because they don’t even teach nutrition in medical school now so they can cash in on our diseases which they usually cause.
It really is diabolical.
I can only think of literally dozens of exceptions: hookworm, scabies, lice, dandruff, athlete’s foot, genetic disorders, malaria, skin cancer, depression, anxiety, Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS), Lyme disease, Anaplasmosis, Ehrlichiosis, Babesiosis, Powassan (POW), Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Tularemia, tick-borne relapsing fever, typhus, chicken pox, Rickettsia helvetica, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, Bartonella, Tularemia, Tick-borne meningoencephalitis, Powassan virus, Colorado tick fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Cytauxzoonosis, Necrotizing fasciitis, AIDS and no doubt hundreds if not thousands more.
The Chinese did not even have formal logic. Half their medicine is from the belief that something that looks or acts the way you are hoping the human will look or be will manifest in the person that consumes them. In other words, rubbish. This is why all sorts of animals are being killed to get their claws, horns, and such.
There is nothing new in this study except they are seaking to fix peoples metabolism with drugs rather than actually fixing people’s metabolism through… you guessed it metabolism. Ask yourself the question why has both epilepsy and type 2 diabetes been treated with Ketosis for over a century and yet they both appear different. The reality is they along with most brain disorders are metabolic disorders. Alzheimer’s has long been dubbed diabetes of the brain or type 3 diabetes so why not treat Alzheimer’s with Ketosis which is known to treat metabolic dysfunction. Check out the work of the not for profit organisation Metabolic Mind who cover all of these illnesses and are not seeking profit from drugs.
Staying in ketosis is hard to sustain.
Let’s see, the choices are to pump yet another pharmaceutical into my body or maybe for just once in people’s lives, they could do the responsible intelligent and simple thing: get rid of carbs and processed foods, that is what is killing everyone and our government is complicit in every step of the way so are our doctors
There’s absolutely nothing wrong with high quality carbs.
Processed food, sedentary lifestyles are far more complicit.
This no carb nonsense is ridiculously oversimplified and lacks nuance.
Welcome to this entire comment section. Massive sigh over here…. It gets even worse when quantum anything gets mentioned.
This is true. The body actually needs carbs, protein, many other things, even salts, acids and fats in proper forms and amounts, to function properly. Basically, a balanced and healthy diet must include foods that are naturally rich in both fiber, carbs and protein.
An example? A big bowl containing 2/3 cup oatmeal, 1/3 cup quinoa, 1/4 cup dried fig pieces, 1 tbsp. dark molasses, 1/3 tsp. iodized salt, 1 tsp. extra virgin olive oil, and a splash of evaporated milk would seem like a great breakfast in my opinion.
A natural peanut butter (discard and do not stir in that extra oil) and banana sandwich on whole-grain bread, a serving of non-fat cottage cheese, and a cup of vegetable juice would seem like a decent lunch.
A good crunchy salad with more kale and spinach than lettuce, diced grilled chicken breast, then 2 chopped green onions or chives, 1 crushed clove of garlic, 2 diced roma tomatoes, 1 diced bell pepper, thinly sliced carrot, some half-guitar pick sized rice cracker pieces, some sunflower seeds, flax seed, dried cranberries, date pieces, then some malt vinegar and sesame oil as vinaigrette dressing would make a great early-evening salad, I think.
Maybe not the best for you, but not bad, and some of these diets out here would have me enjoying pemmican or a well-lubed and supple feeding tube about as much.
Grilling creates the Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs) associated with every major aging disease. Vinegar is no good because they use cryolite on all the grapes, which is full of fluoride, which is a neurotoxin. It also usually has lots of lead. Olive oil has lots of AGEs.
Peanut butter is full of AGEs, and very full of them if made with roasted nuts, which virtually all are. If you just want to crush some raw peanuts with a mortar and pestle…fine. Not exactly peanut butter, but acceptable. Carrot also typically has lead if grown in the US. They use bone meal fertilizer to supply phosphorus to the soil, but it is full of lead. Apple and pear trees get that stuff too.
I used to have dark molasses. Now, I can’t imagine how it can be free of heavy metals and other toxins. Maybe it is fine, but if chocolate is loaded with lead, and it is grown in the same areas as sugarcane, how could it not? And the constant heat…that can’t be good.
Didn’t Ornish do something similar in actual people recently? Lifestyle modification… Sleep enough at night, exercise and eat mostly plant based. I do none of those things so probably should start.
I was really hoping for some peer related comments on this article , instead I got people who probably comment on national enquirer articles . Pathetic
Yes, it’s a shame. Here’s a link to the actual article in Science for any who are interested.
DOI: 10.1126/science.abm6131
Exactly. Watch Tucker Carlson interview with Casey and Calley Means about Big Pharma. I knew they were poisoning our air and food with toxins for the last 6 yrs. Now ramping up the killing with their prescription drugs. Thank you God that the information is finally getting out there for the American people to wake up. Look at what’s going in your body. Stop eating processed foods.
https://tuckercarlson.com/tucker-show-casey-calley-means
In the interview she talks about Stanford where she attended medical school. There are no classes on nutrition. They are taught to prescribe drugs. Pfizer funds Stanfords program and determines curriculum. Big pharma pays so they obey. She knew there was a serious crisis in America that NO ONE WAS TALKING ABOUT.
She left her career as s surgeon after 9 years to research this serious epidemic. Money is the root of all evil. No denying that here. The drug companies pay for the education they want out there to the public. The goal is to deceive the people, get them sick, and on meds as early in life as possible, preferably as children. Patients for life keeps them wealthy. The physicians aren’t taught to look at the body as one working machine but individual parts, treating symptoms individually with various drugs. Please educate yourselves. With the censorship online it’s quite impossible to find the truth out there. If you think Google will provide it, you will be surely mistaken. Learn how the body works. Everything is connected. Start with what you put in your body. You are what you eat and drink. If it’s manmade you may want to research before putting it in your body.
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