Astronomers have unlocked a new way to explore alien worlds by mapping the 3D structure of an exoplanet’s atmosphere for the first time.
Using ESO’s Very Large Telescope, they discovered extreme winds carrying iron and titanium across the skies of WASP-121b, an ultra-hot gas giant orbiting its star at a breakneck pace. The planet’s jet streams form a climate unlike anything seen before, swirling with violent storms that make even the wildest hurricanes in our Solar System seem tame. These discoveries mark a major leap in understanding exoplanet weather and hint at what future telescopes could reveal about more Earth-like worlds.
Peering into an Alien Atmosphere
Astronomers have mapped the 3D structure of an exoplanet’s atmosphere for the first time, revealing powerful winds that transport elements like iron and titanium. Using all four telescope units of the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope (ESO’s VLT), researchers uncovered complex weather patterns shaping the planet’s skies. This breakthrough paves the way for more detailed studies of atmospheric composition and climate on distant worlds.
“This planet’s atmosphere behaves in ways that challenge our understanding of how weather works — not just on Earth, but on all planets. It feels like something out of science fiction,” says Julia Victoria Seidel, a researcher at the European Southern Observatory (ESO) in Chile and lead author of the study, published today in Nature.
Meet Tylos: The Ultra-Hot Jupiter
The planet, WASP-121b (also called Tylos), lies about 900 light-years away in the constellation Puppis. It’s an ultra-hot Jupiter, a gas giant that orbits its star so closely that a year there lasts just 30 Earth hours. One side of the planet is permanently exposed to the star, reaching extreme temperatures, while the other side remains much cooler.
The team has now probed deep inside Tylos’s atmosphere and revealed distinct winds in separate layers, forming a map of the atmosphere’s 3D structure. It’s the first time astronomers have been able to study the atmosphere of a planet outside our Solar System in such depth and detail.
As the planet crosses in front of its host star, atoms in the planet’s atmosphere absorb specific colors or wavelengths of the star’s light, which can be measured with a spectrograph. From this data – obtained in this case with the ESPRESSO instrument on ESO’s Very Large Telescope – astronomers can reconstruct the composition and velocity of different layers in the atmosphere.
The deepest layer is a wind of iron that blows away from the point of the planet where the star is directly overhead. Above this layer there is a very fast jet of sodium that moves faster than the planet rotates. This jet actually accelerates as it moves from the morning side to the evening side of the planet. Finally, there is an upper layer of hydrogen wind blowing outwards. This hydrogen layer overlaps with the sodium jet below it.
Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser
A Jet Stream Like No Other
“What we found was surprising: a jet stream rotates material around the planet’s equator, while a separate flow at lower levels of the atmosphere moves gas from the hot side to the cooler side. This kind of climate has never been seen before on any planet,” says Seidel, who is also a researcher at the Lagrange Laboratory, part of the Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, in France. The observed jet stream spans half of the planet, gaining speed and violently churning the atmosphere high up in the sky as it crosses the hot side of Tylos. “Even the strongest hurricanes in the Solar System seem calm in comparison,” she adds.
To uncover the 3D structure of the exoplanet’s atmosphere, the team used the ESPRESSO instrument on ESO’s VLT to combine the light of its four large telescope units into a single signal. This combined mode of the VLT collects four times as much light as an individual telescope unit, revealing fainter details. By observing the planet for one full transit in front of its host star, ESPRESSO was able to detect signatures of multiple chemical elements, probing different layers of the atmosphere as a result.
Chemical Traces of an Alien World
“The VLT enabled us to probe three different layers of the exoplanet’s atmosphere in one fell swoop,” says study co-author Leonardo A. dos Santos, an assistant astronomer at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, United States.
The team tracked the movements of iron, sodium, and hydrogen, which allowed them to trace winds in the deep, mid, and shallow layers of the planet’s atmosphere, respectively. “It’s the kind of observation that is very challenging to do with space telescopes, highlighting the importance of ground-based observations of exoplanets,” he adds.
This animation shows the different layers of the atmosphere in the gas giant exoplanet Tylos (WASP-121b), as probed with the ESPRESSO instrument on ESO’s Very Large Telescope. The atmosphere of Tylos is divided into three layers, with iron winds at the bottom, followed by a very fast jet stream of sodium, and finally an upper layer of hydrogen winds. Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser
Titanium’s Hidden Secret
Interestingly, the observations also revealed the presence of titanium just below the jet stream, as highlighted in a companion study published in Astronomy and Astrophysics. This was another surprise since previous observations of the planet had shown this element to be absent, possibly because it’s hidden deep in the atmosphere.
“It’s truly mind-blowing that we’re able to study details like the chemical makeup and weather patterns of a planet at such a vast distance,” says Bibiana Prinoth, a PhD student at Lund University, Sweden, and ESO, who led the companion study and is a co-author of the Nature paper.
A Glimpse into the Future of Exoplanet Studies
To uncover the atmosphere of smaller, Earth-like planets, though, larger telescopes will be needed. They will include ESO’s Extremely Large Telescope (ELT), which is currently under construction in Chile’s Atacama Desert, and its ANDES instrument. “The ELT will be a game-changer for studying exoplanet atmospheres,” says Prinoth. “This experience makes me feel like we’re on the verge of uncovering incredible things we can only dream about now.”
Reference: “Vertical structure of an exoplanet’s atmospheric jet stream” by Julia V. Seidel, Bibiana Prinoth, Lorenzo Pino, Leonardo A. dos Santos, Hritam Chakraborty, Vivien Parmentier, Elyar Sedaghati, Joost P. Wardenier, Casper Farret Jentink, Maria Rosa Zapatero Osorio, Romain Allart, David Ehrenreich, Monika Lendl, Giulia Roccetti, Yuri Damasceno, Vincent Bourrier, Jorge Lillo-Box, H. Jens Hoeijmakers, Enric Pallé, Nuno Santos, Alejandro Suárez Mascareño, Sergio G. Sousa, Hugo M. Tabernero and Francesco A. Pepe, 18 February 2025, Nature.
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-08664-1
The team is composed of: Julia V. Seidel (European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile [ESO Chile]; Laboratoire Lagrange, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France [Lagrange]), Bibiana Prinoth (ESO Chile and Lund Observatory, Division of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden [ULund]), Lorenzo Pino (INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Florence, Italy), Leonardo A. dos Santos (Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, USA, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA), Hritam Chakraborty (Observatoire de Genève, Département d’Astronomie, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland [UNIGE]), Vivien Parmentier (Lagrange), Elyar Sedaghati (ESO Chile), Joost P. Wardenier (Département de Physique, Trottier Institute for Research on Exoplanets [IREx], Université de Montréal, Canada), Casper Farret Jentink (UNIGE), Maria Rosa Zapatero Osorio (Centro de Astrobiología, CSIC-INTA, Madrid, Spain), Romain Allart (IREx), David Ehrenreich (UNIGE), Monika Lendl (UNIGE), Giulia Roccetti (European Southern Observatory, Garching bei München, Germany; Meteorologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany), Yuri Damasceno (Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal [IA-CAUP], Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal [FCUP]; ESO Chile), Vincent Bourrier (UNIGE), Jorge Lillo-Box (Centro de Astrobiología (CAB); CSIC-INTA, Madrid, Spain), H. Jens Hoeijmakers (ULund), Enric Pallé (Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain [IAC]; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain [IAC-ULL]), Nuno Santos (IA-CAUP and FCUP), Alejandro Suàrez Mascareño (IAC and IAC-ULL), Sergio G. Sousa (IA-CAUP), Hugo M. Tabernero (Departamento de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica & IPARCOS-UCM (Instituto de Física de Partículas y del Cosmos de la UCM), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain), and Francesco A. Pepe (UNIGE).
The companion research, uncovering the presence of titanium, was published in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics in a paper titled “Titanium chemistry of WASP-121 b with ESPRESSO in 4-UT mode.”
Reference: “Titanium chemistry of WASP-121 b with ESPRESSO in 4-UT mode” by B. Prinoth, J. V. Seidel, H. J. Hoeijmakers, B. M. Morris, M. Baratella, N. W. Borsato, Y. C. Damasceno, V. Parmentier, D. Kitzmann, E. Sedaghati, L. Pino, F. Borsa, R. Allart, N. Santos, M. Steiner, A. Suárez Mascareño, H. Tabernero and M. R. Zapatero Osorio, 19 February 2025, Astronomy & Astrophysics.
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202452405
The team behind this paper is composed of: Bibiana Prinoth (European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile [ESO Chile] and Lund Observatory, Division of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden [ULund]), Julia V. Seidel (ESO Chile; Laboratoire Lagrange, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France [Lagrange]), H. Jens Hoeijmakers (ULund), Brett M. Morris (Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, USA), Martina Baratella (ESO Chile), Nicholas W. Borsato (ULund, School of Mathematical and physical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia), Yuri Damasceno (Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal [IA-CAUP], Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal [FCUP]; ESO Chile), Vivien Parmentier (Lagrange), Daniel Kitzmann (University of Bern, Physics Institute, Division of Space Research & Planetary Sciences, Bern, Switzerland), Elyar Sedaghati (ESO Chile), Lorenzo Pino (INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Florence, Italy), Francesco Borsa (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Merate, Italy), Romain Allart (Département de Physique, Trottier Institute for Research on Exoplanets [IREx], Université de Montréal, Canada), Nuno Santos (IA-CAUP and FCUP), Michal Steiner (Observatoire de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland), Alejandro Suàrez Mascareño (Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), Hugo M. Tabernero (Departamento de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica & IPARCOS-UCM (Instituto de Física de Partículas y del Cosmos de la UCM), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain) and Maria Rosa Zapatero Osorio (Centro de Astrobiologia, CSIC-INTA, Madrid, Spain).
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3 Comments
Bibiana Prinoth, a PhD student at Lund University, Sweden, and ESO, who led the companion study and is a co-author of the Nature paper.
Ask the researchers:
Is the Nature paper a publication that respects science?
Scientific research guided by correct theories can enable researchers to think more.
A topological vortex is a concept in physics that describes the natural gravitational field or the fluid-body coupled system. A topological vortex is formed by the interaction and balance of vortex and anti-vortex field pairs, which can be set into resonance by the body motion and interaction.
Topological Vortex Theory (TVT) treats space as an ideal fluid, posits that the topological vortex gravitational field is fundamental to the structure of the universe, and emphasizes the importance of topological phase transitions in understanding mass, inertia, and energy.
According to the Topological Vortex Theory (TVT), spins create everything, spins shape the world. There are substantial distinctions between Topological Vortex Theory (TVT) and traditional physical theories. Grounded in the inviscid, incompressible, and isotropic spaces, TVT introduces the concept of topological phase transitions and employs topological principles to elucidate the formation and evolution of matter in the universe, as well as the impact of interactions between topological vortices and anti-vortices on spacetime dynamics and thermodynamics.
Within TVT, low-dimensional spacetime matter serves as the foundation for high-dimensional spacetime matter, and the hierarchical structure of matter and its interaction mechanisms challenge conventional macroscopic and microscopic interpretations. The conflict between Quantum Physics and Classical Physics can be attributed to their differing focuses: Quantum Physics emphasizes low-dimensional spacetime matter, whereas Classical Physics centers on high-dimensional spacetime matter.
Subatomic particles in the quantum world often defy the familiar rules of the physical world. The fact repeatedly suggests that the familiar rules of the physical world are pseudoscience. In the familiar rules of the physical world, two sets of cobalt-60 can form the mirror image of each other by rotating in opposite directions, and should receive the Nobel Prize for physics.
Please witness the grand performance of some so-called peer review publications (including PRL, PNAS, Nature, Science, etc.). https://scitechdaily.com/microscope-spacecrafts-most-precise-test-of-key-component-of-the-theory-of-general-relativity/#comment-854286. Some so-called academic publications (including PRL, PNAS, Nature, Science, etc.) are addicted to their own small circles and have deviated from science for a long time.
As the background of various material interactions and movements, space exhibits inviscid, absolutely incompressible and isotropic physical characteristics. It may form various forms of spacetime vortices through topological phase transitions. Hence, vortex phenomena are ubiquitous in cosmic space, from vortices of quantum particles and living cells to tornados and black holes. Stars and radioactive elements are one of the most active topological nodes in spacetime. Utilizing them is more valuable and meaningful than simulating them. Small or micro power topology intelligent batteries may be the direction of future energy research and development for human society.
Under the topological vortex architecture, science and pseudoscience are clear at a glance. Topological Vortex Theory (TVT) can play a crucial role in elucidating the foundations of physics, establishing its principles, and combating pseudoscience. Therefore, TVT has been strongly opposed and boycotted by traditional so-called peer review publications (such as PRL, PNAS, Nature, Science, etc.).
These so-called peer review publications (including PRL, PNAS, Nature, Science, etc.) mislead the direction of science and are known for their various absurdities and wonders. They collude together, reference each other, and use so-called Impact Factor (IF) or the Nobel Prize to deceive people around.
Ask the so-called peer review publications (including PRL, PNAS, Nature, Science, etc.):
1. What are your criteria for distinguishing science from pseudoscience?
2. Is your Impact Factor (IF) the standard for distinguishing science from pseudoscience?
3. Is the Nobel Prize the standard for distinguishing science from pseudoscience?
4. What is the most important aspect of academic publications?
5. Is the most important aspect of academic publications being flashy and impractical articles?
Pseudo academic publications (including PRL, PNAS, Nature, Science, etc.) are neither inclusivity nor openness, nor transparency and fairness, and have already had a serious negative impact on the progress of science and technology. Some so-called peer review publications (including PRL, PNAS, Nature, Science, etc.) are addicted to their own small circle and no longer know what science is. They hardly know what is dirty and ugly.
Publications that mislead the public under the guise of scholarship are more reprehensible than ordinary publications. The field of physics faces an ongoing challenge in maintaining scientific rigor and integrity in the face of pervasive pseudoscientific claims. Fighting against rampant pseudoscience, physics still has a long way to go.
While my comments may be lengthy, they are necessary to combat the proliferation of rampant pseudoscience and to promote the advancement of science and technology, and also is all I can do.
Appreciate the SciTechDaily for its inclusivity, openness, transparency, and fairness. If the researchers are truly interested in cosmic matter, please read: A Brief History of the Evolution of Cosmic Matter (https://scitechdaily.com/microscope-spacecrafts-most-precise-test-of-key-component-of-the-theory-of-general-relativity/#comment-873523).
Topological Vortex Theory (TVT) is based on topology and fluid dynamics, which have solid mathematical and physical foundations. Under the topological vortex architecture, science and pseudoscience are clear at a glance. Topological Vortex Theory (TVT) can play a crucial role in elucidating the foundations of physics, establishing its principles, and combating pseudoscience.
However, some individuals, some AI (https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/23079945169), and some so-called peer review publications (including PRL, PNAS, Nature, Science, etc.) stubbornly believe that two sets of cobalt-60 can form the mirror image of each other by rotating in opposite directions (https://scitechdaily.com/microscope-spacecrafts-most-precise-test-of-key-component-of-the-theory-of-general-relativity/#comment-854286), and stubbornly believe that the Topological Vortex Theory (TVT) currently lacks validation. This is because they have been misled by pseudoscientific information.
Vortex phenomena are ubiquitous in cosmic space, from vortices of quantum particles and living cells to tornados and black holes. The inviscid and incompressible spaces have been widely used in engineering simulation (https://scitechdaily.com/microscope-spacecrafts-most-precise-test-of-key-component-of-the-theory-of-general-relativity/#comment-870077). These all are the most powerful verification.
Ask some so-called peer review publications (including PRL, PNAS, Nature, Science, etc.) again:
1. Does space not exist?
2. Does time not exist?
3. Does the ideal fluid not exist?
4. Do scientific experiments require time and space?
5. Do certain engineering simulations require ideal fluids?
6. If non-existent things are applied to scientific experiments and engineering simulations, and good results can be achieved. So, what is the difference between the non-existent thing and God?
Some individuals and some so-called peer review publications (including PRL, PNAS, Nature, Science, etc.) have been misleading the public with confusing concepts (https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-4127b0b58fe8b88feb27c189fb705029_1440w.jpg?source=172ae18b), unscientific logic and reasoning, and self righteous Impact Factor (IF), hindering the progress of science and technology.
Fighting against rampant pseudoscience, physics still has a long way to go.
I suggest you resume your medication