From Caves to Batteries: Stalactites, Stalagmites, and Longer-Lasting Batteries

Solid-state batteries could offer many advantages in the future, including for the use in electrically powered cars. Credit: Xue Zhang / MPI-P

Groundbreaking research has the potential to pave the way for batteries with significantly extended lifespans.

A multitude of everyday gadgets such as electric cars, mobile phones, and cordless power tools now rely on rechargeable batteries. However, this growing trend does present certain challenges. Certain mobile phones, for instance, were prohibited on flights due to safety concerns, while some electric cars were reported to have caught fire. This is largely due to the sensitivity of contemporary commercial lithium-ion batteries to mechanical stress.

An emerging solution to these issues could be the use of “solid-state batteries”. These batteries diverge from the norm by replacing the liquid core — known as the electrolyte — with an entirely solid material like ceramic ionic conductors. Consequently, they offer a host of benefits such as being mechanically sturdy, non-combustible, easily miniaturized, and resistant to temperature fluctuations.

But solid-state batteries show their problems after several charging and discharging cycles: While the positive and negative poles of the battery are still electrically separated from each other at the beginning, they are eventually electrically connected to each other by internal battery processes: “Lithium dendrites” slowly grow in the battery. These lithium dendrites grow step by step during each charging process until the two poles are connected. The result: the battery is short-circuited and “dies.”.So far, however, the exact physical processes that take place in this process are not yet well understood.

A team led by Rüdiger Berger from Hans-Jürgen Butt’s department has now tackled the problem and used a special microscopy method to investigate the processes in more detail. They investigated the question of where the lithium dendrites start to grow. Is it like in a flowstone cave where stalactites grow from the ceiling and stalagmites from the floor until they join in the middle and form a so-called “stalagnate?” There is no top and bottom in a battery — but do dendrites grow from the negative to the positive pole or from the positive to the negative pole? Or do they grow equally from both poles? Or are there special places in the battery that lead to nucleation and then dendritic growth from there?

Rüdiger Berger’s team looked in particular at so-called “grain boundaries” in the ceramic solid electrolyte. These boundaries are formed during the production of the solid layer: The atoms in the crystals of the ceramic are basically very regularly arranged. However, due to small, random fluctuations in crystal growth, line-like structures are formed where the atoms are arranged irregularly — a so-called “grain boundary.”

These grain boundaries are visible with their microscopy method — “Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy” — in which the surface is scanned with a sharp tip. Chao Zhu, a PhD student working with Rüdiger Berger says: “If the solid-state battery is charged, the Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy sees that electrons accumulate along the grain boundaries — especially near the negative pole.” The latter indicates that the grain boundary not only changes the arrangement of the atoms of the ceramics but also their electronic structure.

Due to the accumulation of electrons — i.e. negative particles — positively charged lithium ions traveling in the solid electrolyte can be reduced into metallic lithium. The result: lithium deposits and lithium dendrites form. If the charging process is repeated, the dendrite will continue to grow until finally the poles of the battery are connected. The formation of such initial stages for dendrite growth was only observed at the negative pole — also observed only at this pole. No growth was observed at the opposite positive pole.

The scientists hope that with a precise understanding of the growth processes, they will also be able to develop effective ways to prevent or at least limit growth at the negative pole so that in the future the safer lithium solid-state batteries can also be used in broadband applications.

Reference: “Understanding the evolution of lithium dendrites at Li_6.25Al_0.25La₃Zr₂O₁₂ grain boundaries via operando microscopy techniques” by Chao Zhu, Till Fuchs, Stefan A. L. Weber, Felix. H. Richter, Gunnar Glasser, Franjo Weber, Hans-Jürgen Butt, Jürgen Janek and Rüdiger Berger, 9 March 2023, Nature Communications.
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36792-7