While analyzing data from the first images of a well-known early galaxy taken by NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), Cornell University astronomers discovered a companion galaxy previously hidden behind the light of the foreground galaxy — one that surprisingly seems to have already hosted multiple generations of stars despite its young age, estimated at 1.4 billion years old.
Scanning the first images of a well-known early galaxy taken by NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), Cornell astronomers were intrigued to see a blob of light near its outer edge.
Their initial focus, and the infrared observatory’s target, was SPT0418-47, one of the brightest dusty, star-forming galaxies in the early universe, its distant light bent and magnified by a foreground galaxy’s gravity into a circle, called an Einstein ring.
But a deeper dive into the early JWST data released last fall produced a serendipitous discovery: a companion galaxy previously hidden behind the light of the foreground galaxy, one that surprisingly seems to have already hosted multiple generations of stars despite its young age, estimated at 1.4 billion years old.
“We found this galaxy to be super-chemically abundant, something none of us expected,” said Bo Peng, a doctoral student in astronomy, who led the data analysis. “JWST changes the way we view this system and opens up new venues to study how stars and galaxies formed in the early universe.”
Peng is the lead author of “Discovery of a Dusty, Chemically Mature Companion to z~4 Starburst Galaxy in JWST Early Release Science Data,” published recently in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, with eight co-authors who are current or former members of the Department of Astronomy in the College of Arts and Sciences.
Earlier images of the same Einstein ring captured by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile contained hints of the companion resolved clearly by JSWT, but they couldn’t be interpreted as anything more than random noise, said Amit Vishwas, Ph.D. ’19, a research associate at the Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences (CCAPS) and the paper’s second author.
Investigating spectral data embedded in each pixel of images from JWST’s NIRSpec instrument, Peng identified a second new light source inside the ring. He determined that the two new sources were the images of a new galaxy being gravitationally lensed by the same foreground galaxy responsible for creating the ring, although they were eight to 16 times fainter – a testament to the power of JWST’s infrared vision.
Confirming the Redshift and Galactic Proximity
Further analysis of the light’s chemical composition confirmed that strong emission lines from hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms displayed similar redshifts – a measure of how much light from a galaxy stretches into longer, redder wavelengths as it grows more distant. That placed the two galaxies roughly the same distance from Earth – calculated as a redshift of about 4.2, or about 10% of the universe’s age – and in the same neighborhood.
To verify their discovery, the researchers returned to earlier ALMA observations. They found an emission line of ionized carbon closely matched the redshifts observed by JWST.
“That really nailed it down,” Vishwas said. “Because we have several emission lines shifted by exactly the same amount, there’s no doubt that this new galaxy is where we think it is.”
Galaxy Evolution and Metallicity
The team estimated the companion galaxy, which they labeled SPT0418-SE, was within 5 kiloparsecs of the ring. (The Magellanic Clouds, satellites of the Milky Way, are about 50 kiloparsecs away.) That proximity suggests the galaxies are bound to interact with each other and potentially even merge, an observation that adds to the understanding of how early galaxies may have evolved into larger ones.
The two galaxies are modest in mass as galaxies in the early universe go, with “SE” relatively smaller and less dusty, making it appear bluer than the extremely dust-obscured ring. Based on images of nearby galaxies with similar colors, the researchers suggest that they may reside “in a massive dark-matter halo with yet-to-be-discovered neighbors.”
Most surprising about these galaxies, considering their age and mass, was their mature metallicity – amounts of elements heavier than helium and hydrogen, such as carbon, oxygen and nitrogen – which the team estimated to be similar to our sun. Compared to the sun, which is about 4 billion years old and inherited most of its metals from previous generations of stars that had roughly 8 billion years to build them up, we are observing these galaxies at a time when the universe was less than 1.5 billion years old.
“We are seeing the leftovers of at least a couple of generations of stars having lived and died within the first billion years of the universe’s existence, which is not what we typically see,” Vishwas said. “We speculate that the process of forming stars in these galaxies must have been very efficient and started very early in the universe, particularly to explain the measured abundance of nitrogen relative to oxygen, as this ratio is a reliable measure of how many generations of stars have lived and died.”
The researchers have submitted a proposal for JWST observing time to continue study of the ring and its companions and reconcile potential differences observed between the optical and far-infrared spectrum.
“We’re still working on this galaxy,” Peng said. “There’s more to explore in this data.”
Reference: “Discovery of a Dusty, Chemically Mature Companion to a z ∼ 4 Starburst Galaxy in JWST ERS Data” by Bo Peng, Amit Vishwas, Gordon Stacey, Thomas Nikola, Cody Lamarche, Christopher Rooney, Catie Ball, Carl Ferkinhoff and Henrik Spoon, 17 February 2023, Astrophysical Journal Letters.
DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/acb59c
The team thanked the early release science program that made the JWST data immediately available to the public, called TEMPLATES: Targeting Extremely Magnified Panchromatic Lensed Arcs and Their Extended Star formation, led by NASA astrophysicist Jane Rigby, the observatory’s operations project scientist.
In addition to Peng and Vishwas, co-authors of the research are Thomas Nikola, research associate at CCAPS; Gordon Stacey, Ph.D. ’85, professor of astronomy; doctoral students Catie Ball and Christopher Rooney; and Henrik Spoon, visiting scientist at CCAPS and physics, astronomy and mathematics librarian at Cornell University Library’s Clark Physical Sciences Library; and from Winona State University, Carl Ferkinhoff, Ph.D. ’14, associate professor of physics, and Cody Lamarche, Ph.D. ’19, adjunct professor of physics.
The research was supported by the National Science Foundation.
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7 Comments
What then will the launch process succeed?
https://tcitnews.com/spacex-starship-orbital-test-launch-delayed-due-to-frozen-valve-issue/
All of the new knowledge and information coming from the Webb telescope is exciting. The future is going to be amazing and great. I am jealous that I will not be able to experience to much of it. At 85, while healthy, I won’t live to see more of the wonders to be discovered. Actually I was anxious that I wouldn’t get to see this much, due to it taking so long to get the telescope upthere and send these sights and wonders that has come through so far for us.
If my kid rambled like this, I’d hustle him quickly to a shrink, shaman, or mqubal. “One pic says all” is the code and mantra of the Sitra Axara. How’d ya like dem apples? GBU.
You can’t trust the distances apart of the two galaxies when Red Shift theory is so flawed (light dimming due to dust and other things in space they assumed did not exist when the theory was made means it’s not reliable yet so few scientists are willing to even consider this possibility…. Instead we make up Dark Matter and Dark Energy to “fix the math” even though there’s ZERO evidence beyond the supposed gravity distortion of supposedly far away objects that prove the existence of either). Wake up! We now know there’s dust, gas and other matter in space and across huge distances it WILL have a light dimming effect! To assume that doesn’t affect the red shift assumed distances is asinine. There may, in fact, be no universal expansion, let alone acceleration and maybe no big bang either. How much time do we waste refusing to even consider we might be wrong?
Spectrum shifting and light dimming due to dust or intervening objectc are two different things. Spectral shift also known as the Doppler effect has to do with change of distance that compresses or expands light or sound waves as they move toward or away from the observer.Dimming merely obscures the visibilty of said waves but doesn’t change the result.It could limit the observation of the result An example would the locomotive coming toward you. Let’s say that there was dust obscuring the view of the train but the shift would still occur at the eame time and you would be able to determine the moment the train passed by the resultant shift in amplitude of the sound wave as it passed from high to low. Even though you couldn’t see it.
wow the james webb telescope takes the most amazing photos of space
Galaxies are very interesting and surprising and amaze people, this has made us humans forget the earth and the past civilization of the earth, and astronomers turned their eyes to the sky and forgot the earth and the earth’s past and the history of the earth