Scientists Crack the Blood-Brain Barrier, Paving Way for New Alzheimer’s Treatments

A new system developed by Icahn Mount Sinai researchers enables the safe delivery of therapeutic biomolecules to the brain by overcoming the blood-brain barrier. Tested in mouse models, it shows promise for treating neurological diseases like ALS and Alzheimer’s.

Scientists at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai have pioneered a groundbreaking method, tested in mouse models and isolated human brain tissue, to safely and effectively deliver treatments to the brain. This breakthrough opens up new avenues for addressing a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Published in Nature Biotechnology, the study introduces a first-of-its-kind blood-brain barrier-crossing conjugate (BCC) system, designed to overcome the protective barrier that typically blocks large biomolecules from reaching the central nervous system (CNS).

The blood-brain barrier is a natural protective shield that prevents harmful substances from entering the brain. However, it also blocks the delivery of life-saving drugs, creating a significant challenge in treating conditions like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease, addiction, and many other CNS disorders.

The BCC platform takes advantage of a specialized biological process called γ-secretase-mediated transcytosis to deliver large therapeutic molecules, like oligonucleotides and proteins, directly into the brain through a simple intravenous injection.

“The blood-brain barrier is an essential defense mechanism, but it also presents a significant challenge for delivering drugs to the brain,” says co-corresponding senior author Yizhou Dong, PhD, Professor of Immunology and Immunotherapy, and a member of the Icahn Genomics Institute and the Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, at Icahn Mount Sinai. “Our BCC platform breaks this barrier, allowing biomacromolecules, including oligonucleotides, to reach the CNS safely and efficiently.”

Promising Results in Preclinical Models

The study showed that when the researchers injected a compound called BCC10 linked to specialized genetic tools known as antisense oligonucleotides into mice, it successfully reduced the activity of harmful genes in the brain.

In a transgenic mouse model of ALS (a motor neuron disease), the treatment significantly lowered levels of the disease-causing gene called Sod1 and its associated protein. Similarly, a different antisense oligonucleotide linked to BCC10 greatly reduced another gene, Mapt, which encodes the tau protein and is a target for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias.

BCC10 proved to be highly effective at delivering these genetic tools to the brain, improving their ability to silence harmful genes in different models and even in samples of excised human brain tissue studied in the laboratory. Importantly, the treatment was well tolerated in mice, causing little or no damage to major organs at the tested doses, say the investigators.

Broad Potential for Brain Disease Treatments

Despite recent progress in the field, there is still a pressing need for technologies that can bypass the blood-brain barrier and improve the delivery of biomacromolecule-based therapies to the central nervous system via systemic administration.

“Our platform could potentially solve one of the biggest hurdles in brain research—getting large therapeutic molecules past the blood-brain barrier safely and efficiently,” says co-corresponding senior author Eric J. Nestler, MD, PhD, Nash Family Professor of Neuroscience, Director of The Friedman Brain Institute, and Dean for Academic Affairs of Icahn Mount Sinai, and Chief Scientific Officer of the Mount Sinai Health System. “This development has the potential to advance treatments for a broad range of brain diseases.”

Next, the investigators plan to conduct further studies in large animal models to validate the platform and develop its therapeutic potential.

The paper is titled “Intravenous administration of blood-brain barrier-crossing conjugates facilitate biomacromolecule transport into central nervous system.”

Reference: “Intravenous administration of blood–brain barrier-crossing conjugates facilitate biomacromolecule transport into central nervous system” by Chang Wang, Siyu Wang, Yonger Xue, Yichen Zhong, Haoyuan Li, Xucheng Hou, Diana D. Kang, Zhengwei Liu, Meng Tian, Leiming Wang, Dinglingge Cao, Yang Yu, Jayce Liu, Xiaolin Cheng, Tamara Markovic, Alice Hashemi, Brian H. Kopell, Alexander W. Charney, Eric J. Nestler and Yizhou Dong, 25 November 2024, Nature Biotechnology.
DOI: 10.1038/s41587-024-02487-7

The remaining authors, all with Icahn Mount Sinai except where indicated, are Chang Wang, MD; Siyu Wang, PhD; Yonger Xue, PhD; Yichen Zhong, BS (PhD Candidate); Haoyuan Li, MD; Xucheng Hou, PhD; Diana D. Kang, BS (PhD Candidate/Icahn Mount Sinai and Ohio State University); Zhengwei Liu, PhD; Meng Tian, PhD; Leiming Wang, PhD; Dinglingge Cao, PhD; Yang Yu, PhD (Ohio State University), Jayce Liu, BS (PhD Candidate, Ohio State University), Xiaolin Cheng, PhD (Ohio State University), Tamara Markovic, PhD; Alice Hashemi, BS; Brian H. Kopell, MD, and Alexander W. Charney, MD, PhD.

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