Artistic view of multiphase AGN-driven winds highlighting the different phases and scales that are involved in the outflow. The wind propagates from the central engine (< 1 pc; a), through the surrounding ISM (1 pc–1 kpc; b), out to the boundaries of the host galaxy (> 10 kpc; c). SUBWAYS will investigate the outflow in its launching phase, when the gas is highly ionized, and the presence of fast-moving material can be revealed in X-rays. (figure adapted from Cicone et al. 2018, Nat. As. 2, 176). Credit: University of Bologna
They are called UFOs, but aliens have nothing to do with them. They are the ultra-fast outflows: space winds that emerge from the surroundings of supermassive black holes and blow at speeds close to that of light. An international research team has explored this still little-understood phenomenon, hunting for these gas emissions, which are crucial to understanding the mechanisms regulating the behaviour of supermassive black holes in their active phase.
The research project is called SUBWAYS (SUper massive Black hole Winds in the x-rAYS) and the first results have been published, in two papers, in Astronomy & Astrophysics. The first of these, led by scholars from the University of Bologna and INAF, is mainly based on data obtained from ESA’s XMM-Newton space telescope.
The scholars analyzed 22 active galactic nuclei (AGN), i.e. the regions surrounding supermassive black holes at the center of galaxies and emitting enormous amounts of radiations across the entire electromagnetic spectrum when black holes are in the active phase. The investigation showed that in about 30% of the active galactic nuclei analyzed, there are space winds traveling at speeds between 10% and 30% of the speed of light.
“These results allow us to establish with greater certainty that a significant proportion of active galactic nuclei hosts ultra-fast winds called UFOs, ultra-fast outflows,” explains Marcella Brusa, professor at the University of Bologna and INAF associate, as well as coordinator of the entire SUBWAYS project. “And we were able to confirm that the intensity of these gas flows is sufficient to significantly change the ecosystem of their galaxies.”
Between a supermassive black hole and the galaxy that surrounds it, there is in fact a close relationship that reciprocally influences their formation and evolution. The mechanisms driving this reciprocal relationship are still poorly understood, but among the key ingredients may be the ultra-fast winds emitted by active galactic nuclei. These powerful emissions arise when part of the gas in the accretion disk is ejected outwards, thus transferring some of the matter and energy produced to interstellar space, a mechanism that has important implications for regulating the process of star formation.
In order to detect UFOs, spectra emitted in the X-ray band are analyzed, looking for absorptions produced by the presence of highly ionized materials such as iron. This phenomenon is due to the extreme temperatures – up to tens of millions of degrees – generated in the vicinity of supermassive black holes. With this in mind, SUBWAYS scientists managed to obtain 1.6 million seconds of observation time (more than eighteen days) with the ESA XMM-Newton X-ray Space Telescope. They thus explored 17 active galactic nuclei in the relatively nearby universe (between about 1.5 and 5 billion light years away), to which they added data from another 5 AGN already collected in previous observations.
“These observations have allowed us to obtain new independent evidence of the existence of highly ionized matter that is ejected from the innermost regions of active galactic nuclei at speeds close to that of light,” says Gabriele Matzeu, a researcher at the University of Bologna, INAF associate and first author of the paper presenting the results on UFOs statistics. “These outcomes have allowed us to learn more about these ultrafast winds and to better understand their role in shaping the evolution process of galaxies.”
A companion paper was also published in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics that presents a study of lower-velocity and lower-ionization gas flows visible in the ultraviolet band thanks to the HST satellite.
References: “Supermassive Black Hole Winds in X-rays: SUBWAYS – I. Ultra-fast outflows in quasars beyond the local Universe” by G. A. Matzeu, M. Brusa, G. Lanzuisi, M. Dadina, S. Bianchi, G. Kriss, M. Mehdipour, E. Nardini, G. Chartas, R. Middei, E. Piconcelli, V. Gianolli, A. Comastri, A. L. Longinotti, Y. Krongold, F. Ricci, P. O. Petrucci, F. Tombesi, A. Luminari, L. Zappacosta, G. Miniutti, M. Gaspari, E. Behar, M. Bischetti, S. Mathur, M. Perna, M. Giustini, P. Grandi, E. Torresi, C. Vignali, G. Bruni, M. Cappi, E. Costantini, G. Cresci, B. De Marco, A. De Rosa, R. Gilli, M. Guainazzi, J. Kaastra, S. Kraemer, F. La Franca, A. Marconi, F. Panessa, G. Ponti, D. Proga, F. Ursini, P. Baldini, F. Fiore, A. R. King, R. Maiolino, G. Matt and A. Merloni, 28 February 2023, Astronomy & Astrophysics.
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202245036
“Supermassive Black Hole Winds in X-rays: SUBWAYS – II. HST UV spectroscopy of winds at intermediate redshifts” by M. Mehdipour, G. A. Kriss, M. Brusa, G. A. Matzeu, M. Gaspari, S. B. Kraemer, S. Mathur, E. Behar, S. Bianchi, M. Cappi, G. Chartas, E. Costantini, G. Cresci, M. Dadina, B. De Marco, A. De Rosa, J. P. Dunn, V. E. Gianolli, M. Giustini, J. S. Kaastra, A. R. King, Y. Krongold, F. La Franca, G. Lanzuisi, A. L. Longinotti, A. Luminari, R. Middei, G. Miniutti, E. Nardini, M. Perna, P.-O. Petrucci, E. Piconcelli, G. Ponti, F. Ricci, F. Tombesi, F. Ursini, C. Vignali and L. Zappacosta, 28 February 2023, Astronomy & Astrophysics.
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202245047
I would submit that the relativistic jets are an artifact of the spaghettification process where matter entering a BH’s accretion disc is spun at increasing velocities as it falls closer to the center due to the law of conservation of angular momentum. Spacetime is increasingly stretched and the mass (which has no dimensional attribute) is stripped away to become one with the singularity at the center of the BH.
Gravity, which is a manifestation of continuously unfolding time and space curving around static mass, which we experience as acceleration, is strongest close to the center of the BH; but curiously enough, due to the near infinite curvature of the spacetime circling at the very center of the BH, there must be a north/south line perpendicular to the plane of rotation where the infinite curvature of spacetime cancels out, creating a zero gravity corridor available for the excess spacetime to escape the BH. We observe a hint of this phenomenon at the Earth’s poles, which are slightly flattened due to the planet’s rotation.
Matter undergoing the spaghettification process creates excess spacetime which is ejected from the poles of the BH at near relativistic velocities – spacetime escapes through a tiny zero curvature (low gravity) portal at the center of the BH following the path of least resistance as it has nowhere else to go. This phenomenon creates huge Fermi bubbles of spacetime and any debris that gets caught in the flow, north and south of the galaxy’s accretion disc.
If dark matter phase transitions inactive black holes would be primarily condensers which would through the collapse pull in material.
When they become AGN they would turn into evaporators with explosive outward force.