Geoscientists have uncovered that ancient volcanoes emitted carbon dioxide for millions of years beyond their active periods, contributing significantly to historical global warming events.
This discovery offers new insights into how Earth’s climate has responded to prolonged carbon emissions and suggests the potential for recovery if human-induced emissions are curbed.
Unraveling the Mysteries of Ancient Volcanoes
An international team of geoscientists, led by a volcanologist from Rutgers University-New Brunswick, has discovered that ancient volcanoes continued to release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere from deep within the Earth long after their eruptions ended—contrary to previous scientific understanding.
This discovery helps solve a long-standing mystery about the causes of prolonged warming episodes during key moments in Earth’s climate history. The findings are published today (October 30) in the latest issue of Nature Geoscience.
“Our findings are important because they identify a hidden source of CO2 to the atmosphere during moments in Earth’s past when climate has warmed abruptly and stayed warm much longer than we expected,” said Benjamin Black, who led the study and is an associate professor in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at the School of Arts and Sciences. “We think we have figured out an important piece of the puzzle for how Earth’s climate was disrupted, and perhaps just as importantly, how it recovered.”
Implications for Earth’s Climate Recovery
In the present day, humans are releasing vastly more carbon dioxide than all active volcanoes put together—but the new findings could shed light on how the planet’s climate will recover if and when human carbon dioxide emissions decrease. “Earth has natural climate control systems – sort of like the thermostat in your house,” Black said. “The question is—are there thresholds beyond which those climate control systems start to break down, making it much harder for climate to recover?”
For decades, scientists have been baffled by climate records showing the failure of the Earth’s atmosphere to recover as quickly as expected after what is known as the end-Permian mass extinction 252 million years ago – the most severe decrease in biodiversity known to have occurred on Earth. The mass extinction has been linked with tremendous volcanic eruptions in Siberia. Even after the eruptions ceased, Earth’s climate took nearly 5 million years to stabilize.
“This delayed recovery has long puzzled scientists. Earth’s natural thermostat seems to have gone haywire during and after this event,” Black said. “We noticed that a similar pattern seemed to have occurred at multiple other times in Earth’s history with massive volcanism, and we set out to understand why.”
Discovering Cryptic Carbon Sources
Black and an international team of colleagues looked back in time and found evidence for carbon dioxide emissions from this type of volcanic province that could last millions of years after most surface eruptions had ended. They did this by compiling chemical analyses of the lavas, developing computer models simulating melting inside the Earth, and comparing the results with records of past climate preserved in sedimentary rocks.
The analyses showed that massive ancient volcanic provinces shut down slowly. At the surface, eruptions may have stopped, but deep in the crust and mantle, magma was still releasing carbon dioxide, leading to prolonged climate warming.
“We call this CO2 from the subsurface magma ‘cryptic carbon’ because it comes from magmas lurking deep in the system,” Black said. “It’s as if the volcanoes were releasing carbon from beyond the grave.”
Black said the findings in the new study are significant because they identify a hidden source of atmospheric carbon dioxide during moments when the climate warmed abruptly. If the volcanoes kept “turning the temperature up,” it could mean the Earth’s thermostat may work better than scientists thought.
“If this is true, it could be good news for Earth’s recovery after human-driven climate warming,” Black said. “It means that if we stop turning the thermostat up, on geologic timescales of hundreds of thousands to millions of years, climate can recover.”
Black emphasized that cryptic carbon from volcanoes cannot explain present-day climate change. “The type of volcanism we are investigating is rare, capable of generating enough magma to cover the continental United States half a kilometer deep in lava,” Black said. “This kind of volcanism has not occurred for 16 million years. All the volcanism taking place on the planet today releases less than one percent as much carbon dioxide as human activities.”
But scientists still hope to learn from these past eruptions about current and future climate. “These ancient eruptions appear to be some of the only events in Earth’s history that release carbon on the same scale as humans are doing today,” Black said. “So by studying these eruptions in the deep past we can learn more about how Earth’s climate systems respond to massive release of carbon to the atmosphere.”
Insights and Future Research Directions
These findings are just the beginning of a multi-year effort funded by the National Science Foundation to investigate how cryptic carbon could influence recovery after major disruptions of Earth’s climate. This summer, the team journeyed to northeastern Oregon, where massive volcanism has been linked with climate warming 16 million years ago. The scientists zeroed in the Wallowa Mountains, which are laced with enormous sheets of flat magmatic dikes, created when molten rock flowed into cracks and solidified. Because of erosion, the area known as the “Alps of Oregon” exposes these rocks that once constituted magma deep in the Earth.
Team members, including Black and colleagues and graduate students from Rutgers and other universities that are part of the National Science Foundation-funded team, clambered into the mountains, ranging between 5,000 and 9,000 feet high, and sampled the glass-like material at the edges of the dikes. These were created when magma came into contact with colder surrounding rocks. Back at their labs, the researchers are looking for evidence in the glassy rocks of ancient emissions of carbon dioxide and other gases.
Reference: “Cryptic degassing and protracted greenhouse climates after flood basalt events” by Benjamin A. Black, Leif Karlstrom, Benjamin J. W. Mills, Tamsin A. Mather, Maxwell L. Rudolph, Jack Longman and Andrew Merdith, 30 October 2024, Nature Geoscience.
DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01574-3
Other scientists on the study included: Leif Karlstrom of the University of Oregon; Benjamin Mills of the University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Tamsin Mather, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Maxwell Rudolph, University of California-Davis; Jack Longman, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; and Andrew Merdith, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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5 Comments
“An international team of geoscientists, …, has discovered that ancient volcanoes continued to release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere from deep within the Earth long after their eruptions ended—contrary to previous scientific understanding.”
That is not true. Soda springs have been known for hundreds of years. Decades ago, the USFS closed a campground adjacent to the Long Valley Caldera (Calif.) because in a search to discover what was killing the trees in the vicinity, they discovered that it was CO2 coming up from below that was responsible. In 1986, out-gassing of CO2 from Lake Nyos in Africa killed nearly 1,800 people. The lake is on the flank of a dormant volcano. Ngorongoro Caldera in Tanzania collapsed 2-3 million years ago. However, the CO2 that it emits is a hazard to local people and animals because it tends to collect in depressions on the ground.
“In the present day, humans are releasing vastly more carbon dioxide than all active volcanoes put together”
That is true with a significant caveat. That should read “all active TERRESTRIAL volcanoes.” There are far more submarine volcanoes than terrestrial volcanoes; what percent are active isn’t really known. Additionally, there is something like 50,000 miles of submarine, plate tectonic spreading-centers that also release an unknown amount of CO2. Therefore, the estimate of active, terrestrial volcanic CO2 is a lower-bound on volcanic CO2. It is probably a small fraction when one takes into account the totality of crustal vulcanism, both active and dormant or extinct.
“…, on geologic timescales of hundreds of thousands to millions of years, climate can recover.”
True Tipping Points, from which there is no recovery, are rare in geologic history. One of the very few was the evolution of photosynthetic organisms that poisoned all their competitors with oxygen. I guess we should lament the passage of early life and pass around a petition to return things to the way they were.
What if billions of years is wrong?
Presuppositions would then be wrong. Theory then becomes errant as does the thesis.what if
The earth is a young earth?
Scientists are traditionally blinded to truth holding false presuppositions. The Missoula floods, documented in 1928, were
Denied until late 60s and only approved after milking the cow funded redundant research to confirm what was already documented.
Sure, mistakes can be made. After all, scientists are only human. That is, they are fallible. However, the Scientific Method is intended find and overturn these mistakes. The major thing that can get in the way of correcting these mistakes is beliefs — both secular and religious — that the science is settled and skepticism and questioning are strongly discouraged. Unless scientists keep an open mind, and entertain new EVIDENCE (not religious dogma), it is possible to thwart the goals of the Scientific Method and have ‘science’ simply become secular dogma. A balance has to be struck between being too quick to accept new hypotheses before there is time to replicate the experiments that suggest a different interpretation, and refusing to even consider alternative working hypotheses.