A study led by a University of Texas planetary physicist has compiled an exhaustive catalog of all known planet-hosting triple-stellar systems, considering different types of planetary orbits and examining past controversies. It suggests that triple-stellar system planets, which account for about 0.5% of all known planets, are mostly Jupiter-type and highlights that these systems’ formation and orbital stability present theoretical challenges.
In triple-stellar systems, a pair of stars orbit each other while a third star orbits around the pair.
Manfred Cuntz, a planetary physicist from The University of Texas at Arlington, has led a new study that catalogs all known planet-hosting, triple-stellar systems—those having three or more stars with planets.
The project, titled “An Early Catalog of Planet-hosting Multiple-star Systems of Order Three and Higher” provides a thorough bibliographic assessment of planet-hosting, triple-stellar systems.
It was recently published in The Astrophysical Journal Supplements, a journal of the American Astronomical Society that has one of the highest impact factors in the field. Co-authors include UTA alumni G.E. Luke, Matthew Millard, and Lindsey Boyle, as well as Shaan D. Patel, a doctoral-bound graduate student.
The paper offers a system classification that considers the various types of planetary orbits among other factors. Additionally, the authors examine past controversies and planet retractions based on the criteria for what constitutes a planet-hosting, triple-stellar system.
Most planets, such as all in Earth’s solar system, orbit a single star. About 100 known planets are members of stellar binaries, the authors wrote in their study.
“The number of planets found to be hosted by higher-order systems is relatively small—about 40 for triple and quadruple systems combined, with the exact number depending on whether some controversial or unconfirmed cases are included,” Cuntz said. “The number of confirmed planets in triple-stellar systems currently stands at about 30, which is approximately 0.5% of the total number of planets identified. This aspect makes those planets very special.”
The NASA Kepler Space Telescope, which was operational from 2009-18, aided in the science of discovering planet-hosting, triple-stellar systems, Cuntz said. Scientists expect the number of known systems to increase, particularly with the abilities of the James Webb Space Telescope, which was launched in 2021.
The authors note that the overwhelming majority of triple-stellar system planets are Jupiter-type, meaning they are gas giants, and the host stars are relatively massive, compared to typical main-sequence stars. However, some Earth-mass planets have been found as well.
Triple-stellar systems can be divided into two subgroups, each of which travels in a relatively large orbit around the system’s center of mass. In a triple-stellar system, two of the stars usually form a close binary pair (two stars that are gravitationally bound to and in orbit around each other), and the third orbits that pair from a farther distance. Systems with more than three stars are expected to produce even more complicated orbiting arrangements.
“The existence of planets in triple-star systems is extremely challenging theoretically, both regarding their formation and orbital stability,” Cuntz said. “These topics are a stark motivation of future UTA research, also involving students.”
Reference: “An Early Catalog of Planet-hosting Multiple-star Systems of Order Three and Higher” by M. Cuntz, G. E. Luke, M. J. Millard, L. Boyle, and S. D. Patel, 5 December 2022, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series.
DOI: 10.3847/1538-4365/ac9302
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