New research has revealed that underwater waves, some towering as high as 500 meters (1,640 feet), located deep below the ocean surface, play a crucial role in the ocean’s heat and carbon storage.
A team of international researchers, headed by the University of Cambridge, University of Oxford, and University of California San Diego, have quantified the impact of underwater waves and other forms of turbulence in the Atlantic Ocean. They discovered that current climate models, which inform government policy, fail to accurately reflect the significance of these underwater phenomena.
Most of the heat and carbon emitted by human activity is absorbed by the ocean, but how much it can absorb is dependent on turbulence in the ocean’s interior, as heat and carbon are either pushed deep into the ocean or pulled toward the surface.
While these underwater waves are already well-known, their importance in heat and carbon transport is not fully understood.
The results, reported in the journal AGU Advances, show that turbulence in the interior of oceans is more important for the transport of carbon and heat on a global scale than had been previously imagined.
The Atlantic’s Crucial Role in Climate Regulation
Ocean circulation carries warm waters from the tropics to the North Atlantic, where they cool, sink, and return southwards in the deep ocean, like a giant conveyer belt. The Atlantic branch of this circulation pattern called the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), plays a key role in regulating global heat and carbon budgets. Ocean circulation redistributes heat to the polar regions, where it melts ice, and carbon to the deep ocean, where it can be stored for thousands of years.
“If you were to take a picture of the ocean interior, you would see a lot of complex dynamics at work,” said first author Dr. Laura Cimoli from Cambridge’s Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics. “Beneath the surface of the water, there are jets, currents, and waves – in the deep ocean, these waves can be up to 500 meters high, but they break just like a wave on a beach.”
“The Atlantic Ocean is special in how it affects the global climate,” said co-author Dr. Ali Mashayek from Cambridge’s Department of Earth Sciences. “It has a strong pole-to-pole circulation from its upper reaches to the deep ocean. The water also moves faster at the surface than it does in the deep ocean.”
Over the past several decades, researchers have been investigating whether the AMOC may be a factor in why the Arctic has lost so much ice cover, while some Antarctic ice sheets are growing. One possible explanation for this phenomenon is that heat absorbed by the ocean in the North Atlantic takes several hundred years to reach the Antarctic.
Now, using a combination of remote sensing, ship-based measurements, and data from autonomous floats, the Cambridge-led researchers have found that heat from the North Atlantic can reach the Antarctic much faster than previously thought. In addition, turbulence within the ocean – in particular large underwater waves – plays an important role in the climate.
Layered Dynamics of Ocean Heat and Carbon Transport
Like a giant cake, the ocean is made up of different layers, with colder, denser water at the bottom, and warmer, lighter water at the top. Most heat and carbon transport within the ocean happens within a particular layer, but heat and carbon can also move between density layers, bringing deep waters back to the surface.
The researchers found that the movement of heat and carbon between layers is facilitated by small-scale turbulence, a phenomenon not fully represented in climate models.
Estimates of mixing from different observational platforms showed evidence of small-scale turbulence in the upper branch of circulation, in agreement with theoretical predictions of oceanic internal waves. The different estimates showed that turbulence mostly affects the class of density layers associated with the core of the deep waters moving southward from the North Atlantic to the Southern Ocean. This means that the heat and carbon carried by these water masses have a high chance of being moved across different density levels.
The Overlooked Impact of Micro-Scale Turbulence
“Climate models do account for turbulence, but mostly in how it affects ocean circulation,” said Cimoli. “But we’ve found that turbulence is vital in its own right, and plays a key role in how much carbon and heat gets absorbed by the ocean, and where it gets stored.”
“Many climate models have an overly simplistic representation of the role of micro-scale turbulence, but we’ve shown it’s significant and should be treated with more care,” said Mashayek. “For example, turbulence and its role in ocean circulation exerts a control over how much anthropogenic heat reaches the Antarctic Ice Sheet, and the timescale on which that happens.”
The research suggests an urgent need for the installment of turbulence sensors on global observational arrays and a more accurate representation of small-scale turbulence in climate models, to enable scientists to make more accurate projections of the future effects of climate change.
Reference: “Significance of Diapycnal Mixing Within the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation” by Laura Cimoli, Ali Mashayek, Helen L. Johnson, David P. Marshall, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, Caitlin B. Whalen, Clément Vic, Casimir de Lavergne, Matthew H. Alford, Jennifer A. MacKinnon and Lynne D. Talley, 7 March 2023, AGU Advances.
DOI: 10.1029/2022AV000800
The partly funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), part of UK Research and Innovation (UKRI).
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2 Comments
“They discovered that current climate models, which inform government policy, fail to accurately reflect the significance of these underwater phenomena”
It seems that as more research is done, more new problems are found. That should be a problem for those who tell us that the “science is settled”. What downwells in one place has to upwell in another. Waves don’t just go one way either.
In July of 2012, CNN broadcasted a video clip during a noon hour news cast, depicting a phenomenal ice melt on Greenland that created rapidly flowing rivers so pervasive that bridges in some communities were washed away and deep channels were carved in the ice cap of the island. That news clip was aired only once and never seen again. I’m wondering if you folks might have any information regarding that event and why it was never again seen.