A Simple Water Fix May Be One of the Arctic’s Strongest Climate Solutions

A two-year field experiment conducted in the world’s northernmost cultivated peatland, in Pasvik in Finnmark, found that greenhouse gas emissions can be sharply reduced by raising and maintaining the water table between 25 and 50 centimeters below the soil surface.

Peatlands are among nature’s most powerful carbon reservoirs when left undisturbed. Their soils remain saturated with water and starved of oxygen, conditions that greatly slow the decay of dead plants. Instead of fully breaking down, plant remains build up over thousands of years, gradually forming deep layers of peat that lock away vast amounts of carbon.

This balance changes when peatlands are drained for farming. Lowering the water table allows oxygen to penetrate the peat, creating conditions where microorganisms can rapidly decompose the accumulated plant material. As this long-stored carbon is broken down, it is released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO₂), a major greenhouse gas.

Well‑studied in the South, but not in the North

Since the seventeenth century, extensive peatland areas across Europe and the Nordic region have been drained, prompting decades of research into how water management affects greenhouse gas emissions. Most of this work, however, has focused on temperate regions.

Much less is known about the northernmost drained peatlands, where environmental conditions are very different. These regions experience colder temperatures, extended daylight during summer, and short growing seasons, all of which can influence how peat soils behave.

“From studies in warmer regions, we know that raising the groundwater level in drained and cultivated peatland often reduces CO₂ emissions, because the peat decomposes more slowly,” explains NIBIO researcher Junbin Zhao.

“At the same time, wetter and low‑oxygen conditions can increase methane, since the microbes that produce methane thrive when there is almost no oxygen in the soil.”

In some situations, emissions of nitrous oxide can also increase. This tends to occur when soils are damp but not completely waterlogged, causing nitrogen processing in the soil to stall midway and release nitrous oxide rather than harmless nitrogen gas.

“Because each greenhouse gas reacts differently to changes in water level, one gas can go down while another goes up. That’s why it’s important to look at the overall gas balance,” says Zhao.

“We need to measure CO₂, methane, and nitrous oxide at the same time and throughout the whole season to understand the real net effect in the northernmost agricultural areas.”

Two‑year field trial in the Pasvik Valley, Finnmark

In 2022 and 2023, Zhao and colleagues conducted an extensive field trial at NIBIO’s station at Svanhovd in the Pasvik Valley in Northern Norway. Automatic chambers measured CO₂, methane, and nitrous oxide emissions several times a day throughout the growing season.

“The experiment included five plots that together reflected typical management conditions found in a drained agricultural field – with different groundwater levels, different amounts of fertilizer, and different numbers of harvests per season,” Zhao explains.

The researchers wanted to answer three questions:

1. Can raising the groundwater level make a cultivated Arctic peatland close to climate‑neutral?
2. Does the water level affect soil CO₂ emissions more than it affects plant CO₂ uptake?
3. How do fertilization and harvesting influence the total climate balance?

High water levels reduced emissions

The results showed that when the peatland in Pasvik was well drained, it emitted large amounts of CO₂ — about the same as other cultivated peatlands further south.

However, when the groundwater was raised to 25–50 cm below the surface, emissions dropped sharply.

“At these higher water levels, methane and nitrous oxide emissions were also low, giving a much better overall gas balance. Under such conditions, the field even absorbed slightly more CO₂ than it released,” says Zhao.

High groundwater in cultivated Arctic peatland may therefore be an effective climate measure.

“Our findings are especially interesting because emissions were measured continuously around the clock. This meant we captured short spikes of unusually high emissions and natural daily fluctuations, details often missed when measurements are taken only occasionally.”

Works best in cold climates

When the groundwater is high, the soil becomes wetter and oxygen levels in the root zone fall. Under these conditions, plants are less active and take up less CO₂.

Even so, the total CO₂ emissions decrease in the field.

“This is because wet conditions mean that the field needs less light before it starts to absorb more CO₂ than it releases. When this threshold is reached earlier in the day, you get more hours with net carbon uptake,” Zhao explains.

“Our calculations show that this effect is especially strong in the north, due to the long, light summer nights. These provide many extra hours where the system remains on the positive side, which can increase total CO₂ uptake significantly.”

Temperature, however, proved to be a key factor. The researchers found that when soil temperatures rose above about 12°C, microbial activity increased.

“At higher temperatures, microorganisms break down organic material faster, and both CO₂ and methane emissions rise,” says Zhao.

“This means that the effect of high water levels is greatest in cool climates — and that future warming could reduce the benefit. In practice, this means water levels must be considered together with temperature and local conditions.”

Fertilization and harvesting: balancing production and carbon

Fertilization and harvesting also affected the climate balance. When the researchers applied more fertilizer, the grass grew better.

“More fertilizer produced more biomass, but did not lead to noticeable changes in CO₂ or methane emissions in our experiment,” says Zhao.

Harvesting, however, had a clear effect. When the grass was cut and removed, carbon was removed from the system because plants store carbon as they grow.

“If harvesting is very frequent, more carbon can be taken out than is built up again over time. The peat layer may gradually lose carbon even when water levels are kept high,” Zhao explains.

He says it is therefore important to consider water level, fertilization, and harvesting strategy together. Measures that reduce emissions in the short term may reduce carbon storage in the long term, which can weaken soil health.

“One solution could be paludiculture, i.e. growing plant species that tolerate wet conditions so that biomass can be produced without keeping the soil dry.”

Local variations can alter the climate balance

The researchers found large differences in emissions within the same field. Some areas absorbed CO₂, while others released large amounts.

“Such local variation can greatly influence national climate accounting and how measures are designed, because one standard emission factor may not reflect reality everywhere,” Zhao says.

“The results from our study show a clear need for more detailed measurements and more precise water‑level management in practice, especially where soils and farming conditions vary significantly between locations.”

Reference: “Substantial Mitigation Potential for Greenhouse Gases Under High Water Levels in a Cultivated Peatland in the Arctic” by Junbin Zhao, Cornelya F. C. Klütsch, Hanna Silvennoinen, Carla Stadler, David Kniha, Runar Kjær, Svein Wara and Mikhail Mastepanov, 10 November 2025, Global Change Biology.
DOI: 10.1111/gcb.70599

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