A Tiny Chip Could Be the Key to 1,000 Times More Accurate GPS

Optical atomic clocks have the potential to improve timekeeping and GPS accuracy by a factor of 1,000, enhancing the precision of mobile phones, computers, and navigation systems. However, their large size and complexity have prevented widespread use outside of research labs.

Now, scientists from Purdue University (USA) and Chalmers University of Technology (Sweden) have developed a breakthrough technology using on-chip microcombs. This innovation could dramatically shrink optical atomic clock systems, making them more practical and accessible. The result? Major advancements in navigation, autonomous vehicles, and geospatial monitoring.

Atomic Clocks: The Backbone of Precision Timing

Our mobile phones, computers, and GPS systems provide highly accurate time and positioning, thanks to over 400 atomic clocks worldwide. Every clock — whether mechanical, atomic, or digital — relies on two key components: an oscillator and a counter. The oscillator produces a regular, repeating signal, while the counter measures its cycles. In atomic clocks, these cycles come from atoms vibrating between two energy states at an extremely precise frequency.

Most atomic clocks rely on microwave frequencies to induce these atomic oscillations. However, recent research has explored using lasers to generate these oscillations optically. Just as a finely marked ruler allows for more precise measurements, optical atomic clocks can divide a second into even smaller fractions, dramatically improving timekeeping accuracy — by a factor of thousands.

Revolutionizing GPS and Scientific Monitoring

“Today’s atomic clocks enable GPS systems with a positional accuracy of a few meters. With an optical atomic clock, you may achieve a precision of just a few centimeters. This improves the autonomy of vehicles, and all electronic systems based on positioning. An optical atomic clock can also detect minimal changes in latitude on the Earth’s surface and can be used for monitoring, for example, volcanic activity,” says Prof. Minghao Qi from Purdue University, co-author of a study recently published in Nature Photonics.

However, the optical atomic clocks that exist today are bulky and require complex laboratories with specific laser settings and optical components, making it difficult to use them outside lab environments, such as in satellites, remote research stations, or drones. Now, a research team at Purdue University, and Chalmers, has developed a technology that makes optical atomic clocks significantly smaller and accessible for more widespread use in society.

System Miniaturized by Microcombs

The core of the new technology, described in a recently published research article in Nature Photonics, are small, chip-based devices called microcombs. Like the teeth of a comb, microcombs can generate a spectrum of evenly distributed light frequencies.

“This allows one of the comb frequencies to be locked to a laser frequency that is in turn locked to the atomic clock oscillation,” says Minghao Qi.

While the optical atomic clocks offer much higher precision, the oscillation frequency is at hundreds of THz range – a frequency too high for any electronic circuits to “count” directly. But the researchers’ microcomb chips were able to solve the problem – while enabling the atomic clock system to shrink considerably.

“Fortunately, our microcomb chips can act as a bridge between the optical signals of the atomic clock and the radio frequencies used to count the atomic clock’s oscillations. Moreover, the minimal size of the microcomb makes it possible to shrink the atomic clock system significantly while maintaining its extraordinary precision,” says Victor Torres Company, Professor of Photonics at Chalmers and co-author of the study.

Solving the Challenge of Self-Reference

Another major obstacle has been achieving simultaneously the “self-reference” needed for the stability of the overall system and aligning the microcomb’s frequencies exactly with the atomic clock’s signals.

“It turns out that one microcomb is not sufficient, and we managed to solve the problem by pairing two microcombs, whose comb spacings, i.e. frequency interval between adjacent teeth, are close but with a small offset, e.g. 20 GHz. This 20 GHz offset frequency will serve as the clock signal that is electronically detectable. In this way, we could get the system to transfer the exact time signal from an atomic clock to a more accessible radio frequency, ” says Kaiyi Wu, the leading author of the study at Purdue University.

Chip-Based Laser Optics: A New Era for Atomic Clocks

The new system also includes integrated photonics, which uses chip-based components rather than bulky laser optics.

“Photonic integration technology makes it possible to integrate the optical components of optical atomic clocks, such as frequency combs, atomic sources and lasers, on tiny photonic chips in micrometer to millimeter sizes, significantly reducing the size and weight of the system,” says Dr. Kaiyi Wu.

The Road to Mass Production and Everyday Use

The innovation could pave the way for mass production, making optical atomic clocks more affordable and accessible for a range of applications in society and science. The system that is required to “count” the cycles of an optical frequency requires many components besides the microcombs, such as modulators, detectors and optical amplifiers. This study solves an important problem and shows a new architecture, but the next steps are to bring all the elements necessary to create a full system on a chip.

“We hope that future advances in materials and manufacturing techniques can further streamline the technology, bringing us closer to a world where ultra-precise timekeeping is a standard feature in our mobile phones and computers,” says Victor Torres Company.

The study was published in Nature Photonics.

Reference: “Vernier microcombs for integrated optical atomic clocks” by Kaiyi Wu, Nathan P. O’Malley, Saleha Fatema, Cong Wang, Marcello Girardi, Mohammed S. Alshaykh, Zhichao Ye, Daniel E. Leaird, Minghao Qi, Victor Torres-Company and Andrew M. Weiner, 19 February 2025, Nature Photonics.
DOI: 10.1038/s41566-025-01617-0

The authors are Kaiyi Wu, Nathan P. O’Malley, Saleha Fatema, Cong Wang, Marcello Girardi, Mohammed S. Alshaykh, Zhichao Ye, Daniel E. Leaird, Minghao Qi, Victor Torres-Company and Andrew M. Weiner. At the time of the study, the researchers were active at Purdue University, USA; Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, and King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

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