AI Eyes on the Sky: Counting Africa’s Largest Bat Colony

Every evening, bats fly from Kasanka National Park to feed in the surrounding countryside. Credit: Christian Ziegler / Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior

The most accurate estimate yet has been provided by artificial intelligence and computer vision.

Each year, a small forest in Zambia transforms into the site of one of the planet’s most astounding natural events. In November, the straw-colored fruit bats undertake a migration from various parts of Africa to a specific cluster of trees in Kasanka National Park. The bats inexplicably converge for a three-month period in a compact section of the park, thus creating Africa’s largest bat colony.

Despite this, the actual count of bats within this colony has always remained a mystery, with estimates fluctuating anywhere between 1 to 10 million. However, the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior (MPI-AB) has recently developed a new approach that provides the most precise count to date. This technique employs GoPro cameras to capture footage of the bats, after which artificial intelligence (AI) is used to identify the creatures without any requirement for human observation.

The method, published in the journal Ecosphere, produced an overall estimate of between 750,000 and 1,000,000 bats in Kasanka—making the colony the largest for bats by biomass anywhere in the world.

“We’ve shown that cheap cameras, combined with AI, can be used to monitor large animal populations in ways that would otherwise be impossible,” says Ben Koger who is the first author of the paper. “This approach will change what we know about the natural world and how we work to maintain it in the face of rapid human development and climate change.”

Africa’s secret gardeners

Even amongst the charismatic fauna of the African continent, the straw-colored fruit bat shines bright. By some estimates, it’s the most abundant mammal anywhere on the continent. And, by traveling up to two thousand kilometers every year, it’s also the most extreme long-distance migrant of any flying fox. From an environmental perspective, these merits matter a lot. By dispersing seeds as they fly over vast distances, the fruit bats are cardinal reforesters of degraded land—making them a “keystone” species on the African continent.

Scientists have long sought to estimate colony sizes of this important species, but the challenges of manually counting very large populations have led to widely fluctuating numbers. That’s always frustrated Dina Dechmann, a biologist from the MPI-AB, who has studied straw-colored fruit bats for over 10 years. Concerned that she has witnessed a decline in the numbers of these fruit bats over her career, Dechmann wanted a tool that could accurately reveal if populations were changing. That is, she needed a way of counting bats that was reproducible and comparable across time.

“Straw-colored fruit bats are the secret gardeners of Africa,” says Dechmann. “They connect the continent in ways that no other seed disperser does. A loss of the species would be devastating for the ecosystem. So, if the population is decreasing at all, we urgently need to know.”

Dechmann began talking to longtime collaborators Roland Kays from NC State University and Teague O’Mara from Southeastern Louisiana University, as well as Kasanka Trust, the Zambian conservation organization responsible for managing Kasanka National Park and protecting its colony of bats. Together, they wondered if advances in computer vision and artificial intelligence could improve the accuracy and efficiency of counting large and complex bat populations. To find out, they approached Ben Koger, then a doctoral student at the MPI-AB, who was an expert in using automated approaches to create ecological datasets.

Accurate and comparable bat counts

Koger worked to devise a method that could be used by scientists and conservation managers to efficiently quantify the complex system. His method comprised two main steps. First, nine GoPro cameras were set up evenly around the colony to record the bats as they left the roost at dusk. Second, Koger trained deep learning models to automatically detect and count bats in the videos. To test the method’s accuracy, the team manually counted bats in a sample of clips and found the AI was 95% accurate—it even worked well in dark conditions.

“Using more sophisticated technology to monitor a colony as giant as Kasanka’s could be prohibitively expensive because you’d need so much equipment,” says Koger. “But we could show that cheap cameras paired with our custom software algorithms did very well at detecting and counting bats at our study site. This is hugely important for monitoring the site in the future.”

Recording bats over five nights, the new method counted an average of between around 750,000 and 1,000,000 animals per night. This result falls below previous counts at Kasanka, and the authors state that the study might not have caught the peak of bat migration, and some animals might have arrived after the count period. Even so, the study’s estimate makes Kasanka’s colony the heaviest congregation of bats anywhere in the world.

Says Dechmann: “This is a game-changer for counting and conserving large populations of animals. Now, we have an efficient and reproducible way of monitoring animals over time. If we use this same method to census animals every year, we can actually say if the population is going up or down.”

For the Kasanka colony, which is facing threats from agriculture and constriction, Dechmann says that the need for accurate monitoring has never been more urgent than now.

“It’s easy to assume that losing a few animals here and there from large populations won’t make a dent. But if we are to maintain the ecosystem services provided by these animals, we need to maintain their populations at meaningful levels. The Kasanka colony isn’t just one of many; it’s a sink colony of bats from across the subcontinent. Losing this colony would be devastating for Africa as a whole.”

Reference: “An automated approach for counting groups of flying animals applied to one of the world’s largest bat colonies” by Benjamin Koger, Edward Hurme, Blair R. Costelloe, M. Teague O’Mara, Martin Wikelski, Roland Kays and Dina K. N. Dechmann, 29 June 2023, Ecosphere.
DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4590