A new study reveals that superfluid 3He has a two-dimensional thermal and mechanical nature at ultra-low temperatures, which could have profound scientific implications.
Researchers from Lancaster University in the UK have discovered how superfluid helium 3He would feel if you could put your hand into it.
The interface between the exotic world of quantum physics and classical physics of the human experience is one of the major open problems in modern physics.
Dr. Samuli Autti is the lead author of the research published today (November 2) in Nature Communications.
Dr. Autti said: “In practical terms, we don’t know the answer to the question ‘how does it feel to touch quantum physics?’
“These experimental conditions are extreme and the techniques complicated, but I can now tell you how it would feel if you could put your hand into this quantum system.
“Nobody has been able to answer this question during the 100-year history of quantum physics. We now show that, at least in superfluid 3He, this question can be answered.”
Experiencing a Quantum Fluid
The experiments were carried out at about a 10000th of a degree above absolute zero in a special refrigerator and made use of mechanical resonator the size of a finger to probe the very cold superfluid.
When stirred with a rod, superfluid 3He carries the generated heat away along the surfaces of the container. The bulk of the superfluid behaves like a vacuum and remains entirely passive.
Dr. Autti said: “This liquid would feel two-dimensional if you could stick your finger into it. The bulk of the superfluid feels empty, while heat flows in a two-dimensional subsystem along the edges of the bulk — in other words, along your finger.”
Implications for Science
The scientists conclude that the bulk of superfluid 3He is wrapped by an independent two-dimensional superfluid that interacts with mechanical probes instead of the bulk superfluid, only providing access to the bulk superfluid if given a sudden burst of energy.
That is, superfluid 3He at the lowest temperatures and applied energies is thermo-mechanically two-dimensional.
“This also redefines our understanding of superfluid 3He. For the scientist, that may be even more influential than hands-in quantum physics.”
Superfluid 3He is one of the most versatile macroscopic quantum systems in the laboratory. It often influences seemingly distant fields such as particle physics (for example the Higgs mechanism), cosmology (Kibble mechanism), and quantum information processing (time crystals).
A redefinition of its basic structure may therefore have far-reaching consequences.
Reference: “Transport of bound quasiparticle states in a two-dimensional boundary superfluid” by Samuli Autti, Richard P. Haley, Asher Jennings, George R. Pickett, Malcolm Poole, Roch Schanen, Arkady A. Soldatov, Viktor Tsepelin, Jakub Vonka, Vladislav V. Zavjalov and Dmitry E. Zmeev, 2 November 2023, Nature Communications.
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42520-y
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