Researchers have uncovered a novel pathway in bacteria that holds the potential to decarbonize various industries. This breakthrough could significantly decrease the emission of greenhouse gases generated during the production of fuels, drugs, and chemicals.
A collaborative research effort between the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and UC Berkeley has resulted in the engineering of bacteria that can generate unique carbon-based products. This breakthrough could open up a promising path towards the production of sustainable biochemicals.
The discovery, recently published in the journal Nature, leverages bacteria to integrate natural enzymatic reactions with a novel reaction known as the “carbene transfer reaction.” This research has the potential to mitigate industrial emissions by providing sustainable alternatives to conventional chemical manufacturing methods that typically rely on fossil fuels.
“What we showed in this paper is that we can synthesize everything in this reaction – from natural enzymes to carbenes – inside the bacterial cell. All you need to add is sugar and the cells do the rest,” said Jay Keasling, a principal investigator of the study and CEO of the Department of Energy’s Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI).
Carbenes are highly reactive carbon-based chemicals that can be used in many different types of reactions. For decades, scientists have wanted to use carbene reactions in the manufacturing of fuels and chemicals, and in drug discovery and synthesis.
But these carbene processes could only be carried out in small batches via test tubes and required expensive chemical substances to drive the reaction.
Environmentally Friendly Synthesis
In the new study, the researchers replaced expensive chemical reactants with natural products that can be produced by an engineered strain of the bacteria Streptomyces. Because the bacteria use sugar to produce chemical products through cellular metabolism, “this work enables us to perform the carbene chemistry without toxic solvents or toxic gases typically used in chemical synthesis,” said first author Jing Huang, a Berkeley Lab postdoctoral researcher in the Keasling Lab. “This biological process is much more environmentally friendly than the way chemicals are synthesized today,” Huang said.
During experiments at JBEI, the researchers observed the engineered bacterium as it metabolized and converted sugars into the carbene precursor and the alkene substrate. The bacterium also expressed an evolved P450 enzyme that used those chemicals to produce cyclopropanes, high-energy molecules that could potentially be used in the sustainable production of novel bioactive compounds and advanced biofuels. “We can now perform these interesting reactions inside the bacterial cell. The cells produce all of the reagents and the cofactors, which means that you can scale this reaction to very large scales” for mass manufacturing, Keasling said.
Impact on Carbon Emissions
Recruiting bacteria to synthesize chemicals could also play an integral role in reducing carbon emissions, Huang said. According to other Berkeley Lab researchers, close to 50% of greenhouse gas emissions come from the production of chemicals, iron and steel, and cement. Limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels will require severely cutting greenhouse gas emissions in half by 2030, says a recent report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Huang said that while this fully integrated system can be envisioned for a large number of carbene donor molecules and alkene substrates, it is not yet ready for commercialization.
“For every new advance, someone needs to take the first step. And in science, it can take years before you succeed. But you have to keep trying – we can’t afford to give up. I hope our work will inspire others to continue searching for greener, sustainable biomanufacturing solutions,” Huang said.
Reference: “Complete integration of carbene-transfer chemistry into biosynthesis” by Jing Huang, Andrew Quest, Pablo Cruz-Morales, Kai Deng, Jose Henrique Pereira, Devon Van Cura, Ramu Kakumanu, Edward E. K. Baidoo, Qingyun Dan, Yan Chen, Christopher J. Petzold, Trent R. Northen, Paul D. Adams, Douglas S. Clark, Emily P. Balskus, John F. Hartwig, Aindrila Mukhopadhyay and Jay D. Keasling, 3 May 2023, Nature.
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06027-2
The study was funded by the DOE Office of Science and DOE Office of Biological and Environmental Research. Additional support was provided by the National Science Foundation.
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