Human “Super Immunity” – Man Bitten by Snakes Over 100 Times Helps Create Revolutionary Antivenom

Scientists have developed a potentially universal antivenom using antibodies from a hyper-immune human donor, offering broad protection against deadly snake species.

In a major leap forward for snakebite treatment, scientists have developed the most broadly effective antivenom ever created. It protects against some of the world’s deadliest snakes, including the black mamba, king cobra, and tiger snake—at least in promising early mouse trials.

Published in the journal Cell, the study introduces a next-generation antivenom made using antibodies from a remarkable human donor. This new formula blends those powerful antibodies with a small molecule inhibitor, opening the door to what could one day be a universal treatment for venomous snakebites.

For over a century, the process of making antivenom has remained largely the same. It typically involves injecting horses or sheep with venom from a single species, then collecting the antibodies the animals produce. While this method can work, it often triggers immune reactions in humans and only protects against specific snakes from specific regions.

In search of a better solution, scientists stumbled upon someone hyper-immune to the effects of snake neurotoxins.

“The donor, for a period of nearly 18 years, had undertaken hundreds of bites and self-immunizations with escalating doses from 16 species of very lethal snakes that would normally a kill a horse,” says first author Jacob Glanville, CEO of Centivax, Inc.

After the donor, Tim Friede, agreed to participate in the study, researchers found that by exposing himself to the venom of various snakes over several years, he had generated antibodies that were effective against several snake neurotoxins at once.

Building a Broad-Spectrum Antivenom

“What was exciting about the donor was his once-in-a-lifetime unique immune history,” says Glanville. “Not only did he potentially create these broadly neutralizing antibodies, in this case, it could give rise to a broad-spectrum or universal antivenom.”

To build the antivenom, the team first created a testing panel with 19 of the World Health Organization’s category 1 and 2 deadliest snakes across the elapid family, a group which contains roughly half of all venomous species, including coral snakes, mambas, cobras, taipans, and kraits. Next, researchers isolated target antibodies from the donor’s blood that reacted with neurotoxins found within the snake species tested. One by one, the antibodies were tested in mice envenomated from each species included in the panel. In this way, scientists could systematically build a cocktail comprising a minimum but sufficient number of components to render all the venoms ineffective.

The team formulated a mixture comprising three major components: two antibodies isolated from the donor and a small molecule. The first donor antibody, called LNX-D09, protected mice from a lethal dose of whole venom from six of the snake species present in the panel. To strengthen the antiserum further, the team added the small molecule varespladib, a known toxin inhibitor, which granted protection against an additional three species. Finally, they added a second antibody isolated from the donor, called SNX-B03, which extended protection across the full panel.

“By the time we reached 3 components, we had a dramatically unparalleled breadth of full protection for 13 of the 19 species and then partial protection for the remaining that we looked at,” says Glanville. “We were looking down at our list and thought, ‘what’s that fourth agent’? And if we could neutralize that, do we get further protection?” Even without a fourth agent, their results suggest that the three-part cocktail could be effective against many other, if not most, elapid snakes not tested in this study.

Next Steps: From Lab to Field

With the antivenom cocktail proving effective in mouse models, the team now looks to test its efficacy out in the field, beginning by providing the antivenom to dogs brought into veterinary clinics for snake bites in Australia. Further, they wish to develop an antivenom targeting the other major snake family, the vipers.

“We’re turning the crank now, setting up reagents to go through this iterative process of saying what’s the minimum sufficient cocktail to provide broad protection against venom from the viperids,” says lead author Peter Kwong, Richard J. Stock professor of medical sciences at Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and formerly of the National Institutes of Health. “The final contemplated product would be a single, pan-antivenom cocktail or we potentially would make two: one that is for the elapids and another that is for the viperids because some areas of the world only have one or the other.”

The other major goal is to approach philanthropic foundations, governments, and pharmaceutical companies to support the manufacturing and clinical development of the broad-spectrum antivenom. “This is critical, because although there are millions of snake envenomations per year, the majority of those are in the developing world, disproportionately affecting rural communities,” Glanville says.

Reference: “Snake venom protection by a cocktail of varespladib and broadly neutralizing human antibodies” by Jacob Glanville, Mark Bellin, Sergei Pletnev, Baoshan Zhang, Joel Christian Andrade, Sangil Kim, David Tsao, Raffaello Verardi, Rishi Bedi, Sindy Liao, Raymond Newland, Nicholas L. Bayless, Sawsan Youssef, Ena S. Tully, Tatsiana Bylund, Sujeong Kim, Hannah Hirou, Tracy Liu and Peter D. Kwong, 2 May 2025, Cell.
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2025.03.050

This work was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health, the National Institutes of Health Small Business Innovation Research program, and the US Department of Energy.

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