Systematic reviews of scientific data reveal significant differences in weight-loss outcomes among various methods.
Systematic reviews of medical literature from 2020 to 2024 indicate that bariatric surgery, also referred to as metabolic or weight-loss surgery, results in the most significant and enduring weight loss compared to treatments with GLP-1 receptor agonists and lifestyle changes. These findings were presented at the 2024 Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS).
Researchers found lifestyle interventions such as diet and exercise resulted in an average weight loss of 7.4% but that weight was generally regained within 4.1 years. GLP-1s and metabolic and bariatric surgery proved far superior. Studies included thousands of patients from clinical studies and several randomized clinical trials.
Five months of weekly injections of GLP-1 semaglutide resulted in 10.6% weight loss and nine months of tirzepatide produced 21.1% weight loss. However, once treatment stopped, about half the lost weight returned within a year despite which drug was used. If injections were continued, tirzepatide patients plateaued at 22.5% weight loss at 17-18 months. Patients on semaglutide plateaued at 14.9% during the same time period.
Semaglutide
Semaglutide is a medication used for managing type 2 diabetes and obesity. It belongs to the class of drugs known as GLP-1 receptor agonists, which mimic the action of the natural hormone glucagon-like peptide-1, important for blood sugar regulation and appetite control. Semaglutide helps lower blood sugar by increasing insulin release, decreasing glucagon secretion, and slowing stomach emptying. Additionally, it reduces appetite, aiding in weight loss when used for obesity. Administered by injection, it is available under brand names such as Ozempic for diabetes and Wegovy for obesity. Common side effects include gastrointestinal discomfort.
Metabolic and bariatric surgery procedures gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy demonstrated total weight loss of 31.9% and 29.5% one year after surgery, respectively. Weight loss of approximately 25% was maintained for up to 10 years after surgery.
“Metabolic and bariatric surgery remains the most effective and durable treatment for severe obesity. Unfortunately, it also remains among the most underutilized,” said study co-author and bariatric surgeon Marina Kurian MD, NYU Langone Health. “Surgery needs to play a bigger role in obesity treatment and be considered earlier in the disease process. It is no longer a treatment of last resort and should not be withheld until more severe disease develops. There is no medical reason for this.”
Tirzepatide
Tirzepatide is a novel medication used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and, recently, obesity. It is a dual GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonist, meaning it targets both the glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptors, which play key roles in insulin secretion and blood sugar control. This dual action not only enhances the body’s natural ability to regulate blood sugar levels but also helps suppress appetite and promote weight loss. Administered via injection, tirzepatide has shown significant efficacy in improving glycemic control and reducing body weight, offering a promising option for patients with type 2 diabetes or obesity. Like other drugs in its class, it may cause gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea and diarrhea.
The ASMBS reports that in 2022 nearly 280,000 metabolic and bariatric procedures were performed in the U.S., which represents only about 1% of those who meet eligibility requirements based on BMI. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), obesity affects 42.4% of Americans. Studies show the disease can weaken or impair the body’s immune system and cause chronic inflammation and increase the risk of many other diseases and conditions including cardiovascular disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers.
“While the new drug treatments show great promise and will lead to more people being successfully treated, particularly if prices come down and insurance coverage improves, we are barely using the best tool we have to fight obesity — metabolic and bariatric surgery, which is safer and more effective than ever before,” said Ann Rogers, MD, ASMBS President-elect and Professor of Surgery at Penn State College of Medicine, who was not involved in the study. “For many people, the risk of death from obesity, diabetes, and heart disease exceeds the risks of surgery.”
Study Methodology
The study included a systematic review of studies that examined weight loss through lifestyle modification, GLP-1s (Semaglutide or tirzepatide), or metabolic and bariatric surgery. GLP-1 data included four randomized clinical trials conducted between 2021 and 2024 while conclusions on lifestyle modifications were based on a systematic review of eight studies. Metabolic and bariatric surgery (gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy) were subject to a review of 35 studies, including two randomized clinical trials. In all, researchers reviewed the weight-loss results of approximately 20,000 patients.
Reference: “Effectiveness and Durability of Common Weight Loss Methods” by Megan E Jenkins, Juliane Hafermann, Christine Fielding, Gerhard Prager and Marina Kurian, 11 June 2024, American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) 2024 Annual Scientific Meeting.
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4 Comments
Yeah: move to Ethiopia.
You have to be a special kind of (pick your combo) stupid, weak-willed, or lazy to think chemical injections are a better way to weight loss than just eating a proper health diet of unprocessed foods.
Does anyone ever put the correlation together that todays “healthcare” is only focused on chemical and man made solutions?
Complete opposite of healthcare IMO.
Several of the authors are invested in doing bariatric surgery, so is there a conflict of interest there?
First, contrary to popular/professional opinion, obesity is not a disease but a mere symptom of more serious underlying causes. Mainstream medicine still fails to factor-in the chronic low-grade inflammation, metabolic disorder and resultant weight gain due to medically undiagnosed nearly subclinical non-IgE-mediated food allergy reactions (e.g., Dr. Arthur F. Coca, by 1935; “The Pulse Test,” 1956) aggravated (or not) with officially (FDA in the US) approved food poisoning (e.g., soy [early 1970s] and added artificially cultured “free” MSG [1980]). With soy being a common allergen and added MSG capable of crossing the blood brain barrier to damage neurons, and both becoming nearly ubiquitous to commercially prepared US pseudo-foods by then (e.g., ingested too frequently), it simply stands to reason the US obesity epidemic presented by 1990 (CDC data). It began with the illegal FDA approvals of a known allergen and a toxin and continues with the complicity of much of profiteering mainstream medicine. An ‘ounce of prevention’ is still worth a ‘pound of cure,’ especially when it’s less costly and safer than drugs and/or elective surgeries.