Fig. 1: Rates of grounding-line migration between 2010 and 2016 along the Antarctic grounding line derived from CryoSat-2 and bedrock topography observations. The red lines indicate long (>30 km) sections of high propensity for retreat (>500), which we excluded from our analysis. Color-coded basins illustrate rates averaged in the areas flowing faster than 25 m yr−1; basins for which we provide the first estimate of grounding-line retreat during the satellite era are marked with an asterisk. The background colors indicate the bathymetry in the ice shelves and ocean and the ice sheet’s surface elevation. Credit: Nature Geoscience (2018) doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0082-z
Antarctica’s great ice sheet is losing ground as it is eroded by warm ocean water circulating beneath its floating edge, a new study has found.
Research by the UK Center for Polar Observation and Modelling (CPOM) at the University of Leeds has produced the first complete map of how the ice sheet’s submarine edge, or “grounding line,” is shifting. Most Antarctic glaciers flow straight into the ocean in deep submarine troughs, the grounding line is the place where their base leaves the sea floor and begins to float.
Their study, published today in Nature Geoscience, shows that the Southern Ocean melted 1,463 km2 (565 mi2) of Antarctica’s underwater ice between 2010 and 2016 – an area the size of Greater London.
Animation illustrating how horizontal motion of glacier grounding lines is detected using satellite measurements of their elevation change. Credit: Hannes Konrad et al, University of Leeds
The team, led by Dr. Hannes Konrad from the University of Leeds, found that grounding line retreat has been extreme at eight of the ice sheet’s 65 biggest glaciers. The pace of deglaciation since the last ice age is roughly 25 meters (82 feet) per year. The retreat of the grounding line at these glaciers is more than five times that rate.
The biggest changes were seen in West Antarctica, where more than a fifth of the ice sheet has retreated across the sea floor faster than the pace of deglaciation.
Dr. Konrad said: “Our study provides clear evidence that retreat is happening across the ice sheet due to ocean melting at its base, and not just at the few spots that have been mapped before now. This retreat has had a huge impact on inland glaciers, because releasing them from the sea bed removes friction, causing them to speed up and contribute to global sea level rise.”
The researchers also found some unexpected behavior. Although retreat of the Thwaites Glacier grounding line in West Antarctica has sped up, at the neighboring Pine Island Glacier — until recently one of the fastest retreating on the continent — it has halted. This suggests that the ocean melting at its base may have paused.
Dr. Konrad added: “These differences emphasize the complex nature of ice sheet instability across the continent, and being able to detect them helps us to pinpoint areas that deserve further investigation.”
Map showing rates of grounding line migration and their coincidence with ocean conditions around Antarctica between 2010 and 2016 (seabed temperatures: Locarnini et al., 2013. World Ocean Atlas 2013, Volume 1: Temperature. S. Levitus, Ed., A. Mishonov Technical Ed.; NOAA Atlas NESDIS 73, 40 pp.). Grounding line locations are from Rignot et al., 2013, Science 341 (6143), pp. 266-270. Credit: Hannes Konrad et al, University of Leeds
Grounding lines typically lie a kilometer or more below sea level and are inaccessible even to submersibles, so remote sensing methods for detecting them are extremely valuable.
The team was able to track the movement of Antarctica’s grounding line using European Space Agency’s CryoSat-2 across 16,000 km of the coastline. Although CryoSat-2 is designed to measure changes in the ice sheet elevation, these can be translated into horizontal motion at the grounding line using knowledge of the glacier and sea floor geometry and the Archimedes principle of buoyancy — which relates the thickness of floating ice to the height of its surface.
Study co-author Professor Andy Shepherd, from the School of Earth and Environment at Leeds, said: “We were delighted at how well CryoSat-2 is able to detect the motion of Antarctica’s grounding lines. They are impossible places to access from below, and usually invisible on the ground, so it’s a fantastic illustration of the value of satellite measurements for identifying and understanding environmental change.”
Reference: “Net retreat of Antarctic glacier grounding lines” by Hannes Konrad, Andrew Shepherd, Lin Gilbert, Anna E. Hogg, Malcolm McMillan, Alan Muir & Thomas Slater, 2 April 2018, Nature Geoscience.
DOI: 10.1038/s41561-018-0082-z
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