Children and teenagers are less likely than adults to develop severe COVID-19 or die from the disease, according to the world’s largest study of hospital patients with COVID-19.
Obesity, Black ethnicity and being under one month old are factors that increased the risk of a child being admitted into intensive care with the condition, the report said.
The findings also identify new symptoms of a severe inflammation syndrome that significantly increases the risk of children with COVID-19 needing intensive care.
Researchers are calling for the WHO’s definition of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) to be updated to help doctors identify more children with the condition and improve their treatment.
The team led by researchers from the Universities of Edinburgh and Liverpool, Imperial College London, and the Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, recruited 651 children and young people aged 19 years or less who had been admitted to the hospital with COVID-19.
The study is led by ISARIC4C — a global group of clinicians working to prevent death from respiratory disease — and involved 138 hospitals across England, Wales, and Scotland. The ISARIC4C COVID-19 study includes two-thirds of all people admitted to hospital with the disease.
The findings suggest that it is rare for young people to end up in the hospital with COVID-19. They make up less than one percent of participants in the ISARIC study.
The typical age of children hospitalized was five-years-old. Some 42 percent of patients had at least one other condition, the most common included neurological conditions and asthma.
The number of children and young people who died from COVID-19 was relatively low — six in total — when compared with adult deaths.
Three children who died were newborn babies born with other severe health problems. The other three children were aged 15 to 18 years old and also had profound health issues.
Some 18 percent of hospitalized children and young people were admitted to intensive care. Experts say children most at risk of needing intensive care were those under one month old and those aged 10 to 14 years old. Similar to adults, obesity and Black ethnicity were also found to be risk factors.
The study also identified 52 patients who had MIS-C an inflammatory syndrome. The researchers found that these children were five times more likely to be admitted to intensive care.
The symptoms usually seen in those with MIS-C include conjunctivitis, a rash or gastrointestinal problems such as abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea.
The study found new COVID-19 symptoms in children with MIS-C. These include headaches, tiredness, muscle aches and a sore throat.
The study also found that the number of platelets — a component of the blood involved in clotting — was much lower in the blood of children with MIS-C than in those without the condition.
The combination of symptoms and low platelets may be important in identifying children with MIS-C who may become more unwell, experts say.
This research was funded by UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) and by the Department of Health and Social Care through the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) as part of the UK Government’s COVID-19 rapid research response.
Dr. Olivia Swann, lead author and Clinical Lecturer in Paediatric Infectious Diseases at the University of Edinburgh, said: “Researchers often want to call attention to large numbers of patients in their studies, however, we want to highlight that children made up only a fraction of a percent of all COVID-19 admissions across the UK in our study and that severe disease was rare.”
Professor Calum Semple, Professor in Child Health and Outbreak Medicine and Consultant Respiratory Paediatrician at the University of Liverpool, said: “The diligent work of our colleagues working in Child Health and the NIHR Clinical Research Network across the UK has led to this report which is the largest and most detailed description of COVID-19 and MIS-C in children and young people. We have provided new understanding about MIS-C which will help manage this rare but serious condition, but parents can now be reassured that severe COVID-19 is very rare in children.”
Dr. Louisa Pollock, Consultant in Paediatric Infectious Disease at the Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, said: “Parents should be reassured by this study which confirms very few children were seriously affected by COVID-19. As children return to school, and over the winter months, it is important we continue to monitor COVID-19 in children.”
Professor Fiona Watt, Medical Research Council Chief Executive, said: “This is a significant study involving 138 hospitals across England, Wales, and Scotland showing that children and teenagers are less likely than adults to develop severe COVID-19 or die from the disease. Indeed, the findings suggest it is rare for young people to end up in hospital with COVID-19.
“However, while the overall risk for young people is lower, the added risks of obesity and ethnicity are shared with adults. We need to understand this, and also why a very small number of children are suffering from an inflammatory syndrome. Obviously, the goal is to ensure that everyone who develops COVID-19 has the most appropriate treatment.”
The research findings are published in the BMJ.
Reference: “Clinical characteristics of children and young people admitted to hospital with covid-19 in United Kingdom: prospective multicentre observational cohort study” by Olivia V Swann, clinical lecturer in paediatric infectious diseases, Karl A Holden, NIHR academic clinical fellow in paediatrics, Lance Turtle, consultant in adult infectious diseases, Louisa Pollock, consultant in paediatric infectious diseases, Cameron J Fairfield, clinical research fellow, Thomas M Drake, clinical research fellow, Sohan Seth, senior data scientist, Conor Egan, masters student, Hayley E Hardwick, project manager, Sophie Halpin, supervising data manager, Michelle Girvan, data manager, Chloe Donohue, clinical trials coordinator, Mark Pritchard, specialty registrar in public health medicine, Latifa B Patel, specialist registrar in paediatric respiratory medicine, Shamez Ladhani, reader in paediatric infectious disease, Louise Sigfrid, clinical research fellow, Ian P Sinha, consultant physician in paediatric respiratory medicine and honorary senior clinical lecturer in child health, Piero L Olliaro, professor of poverty related infectious diseases, Jonathan S Nguyen-Van-Tam, professor of health protection, Peter W Horby, professor of emerging infectious diseases, Laura Merson, head of data and associate director, Gail Carson, head of ISARIC global support centre, Jake Dunning, head of emerging infections and zoonoses, Peter J M Openshaw, professor of experimental medicine, J Kenneth Baillie, academic consultant in critical care medicine, Ewen M Harrison, professor of surgery and data science, Annemarie B Docherty, senior clinical lecturer and honorary consultant in critical care, Malcolm G Semple, professor of outbreak medicine and child health and consultant physician in paediatric respiratory medicine on behalf of ISARICC Investigators, 27 August 2020, BMJ.
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m3249
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