Heart arrhythmia, also known as an irregular heartbeat, is a condition where the heart beats too quickly, too slowly, or with an irregular pattern. This can cause symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, fainting, and shortness of breath. In some cases, heart arrhythmias can also increase the risk of more serious conditions, such as stroke or heart failure.
The largest genetic study on heart arrhythmia to date, led by Kazuo Miyazawa and Kaoru Ito at the RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS) in Japan, has resulted in the discovery of multiple genes and specific genetic variations linked to atrial fibrillation.
The study, recently published in the journal Nature Genetics, analyzed data from over a million individuals and calculated polygenic risk scores based on the genetic data. The scores were able to predict atrial fibrillation, as well as the risk of stroke and mortality, in individuals who were at risk.
Atrial fibrillation occurs when the heart beats rapidly and irregularly, causing blood to pool in the atria. This increases the risk of blood clots forming in the heart and then traveling to the brain where they can block blood flow and cause a stroke. In addition to other conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes, atrial fibrillation is associated with some genetic factors, but exactly how remains a mystery.
The researchers examined the genomes of over 150,000 Japanese individuals and found 5 locations within our chromosomes—called genetic loci—that had never before been associated with atrial fibrillation. Among them, two include genetic variations unique to East Asian populations.
A subsequent cross-ancestry meta-analysis of over 1.2 million people—the same Japanese population along with those from two large European studies—overall yielded 150 critical genetic loci, including 35 that were new. Further analysis found over 130 genes associated with these loci. The likelihood that variations in one or several of these genes leads to atrial fibrillation is therefore high.
Genes are turned on and off as needed by special regulatory proteins called transcription factors. To find transcription factors that turn on the genes at the loci associated with atrial fibrillation, the researchers performed an integrative analysis with epigenomic data, looking for proteins that bind to the newly discovered loci. The analysis yielded the transcription factor ERRg, which was associated with genes that regulate processes that occur inside heart muscle cells.
However, an association is not proof of causation. To test that overactive ERRg might be a direct cause of atrial fibrillation, the researchers grew human heart-muscle cells in the lab and facilitated ERRg activity. They found reduced expression of several important genes related to heart function. In addition, the heart-muscle cells exhibited irregular beating and prolonged contraction.
“Until now, which genes and how their transcriptional regulation is involved in the pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation was not very clear,” says Kazuo Miyazawa, first author of the study. “In this study, we discovered a key mechanism by integrating genomic data with epigenomic and transcriptomic data.”
Polygenic risk score is a statistical tool used to predict a person’s genetic susceptibility to diseases. However, when these scores are derived from genetic data from one population, they struggle to predict the risk in another population. By adding the new Japanese data to those from the European studies, the RIKEN IMS team was able to make better predictions. They found that the higher the score, the younger people were when they developed atrial fibrillation. Additionally, the score was significantly associated with stroke, even in people who had not been diagnosed with atrial fibrillation, and could predict the occurrence of death due to stroke.
“By applying our model to a person’s genome, we can find clinically undetectable heart arrhythmias or other related conditions,” explains Miyazawa. “This is critical as finding those at risk before they have a stroke is the goal for any risk-prediction analysis.”
Simply being able to find people at risk for atrial fibrillation is only the first step. The new study also leads to ideas for treatment. As Miyazawa explains, “As we found that ERRg is likely critically involved in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation, it thus represents a potential target for pharmaceutical intervention for those identified as at-risk.”
Reference: “Cross-ancestry genome-wide analysis of atrial fibrillation unveils disease biology and enables cardioembolic risk prediction” by Kazuo Miyazawa, Kaoru Ito, Masamichi Ito, Zhaonan Zou, Masayuki Kubota, Seitaro Nomura, Hiroshi Matsunaga, Satoshi Koyama, Hirotaka Ieki, Masato Akiyama, Yoshinao Koike, Ryo Kurosawa, Hiroki Yoshida, Kouichi Ozaki, Yoshihiro Onouchi, BioBank Japan Project, Atsushi Takahashi, Koichi Matsuda, Yoshinori Murakami, Hiroyuki Aburatani, Michiaki Kubo, Yukihide Momozawa, Chikashi Terao, Shinya Oki, Hiroshi Akazawa, Yoichiro Kamatani and Issei Komuro, 19 January 2023, Nature Genetics.
DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01284-9
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