Glioblastoma has long resisted treatment, but scientists may have found a breakthrough by leveraging the body’s own evolutionary history.
Researchers discovered that suppressing a protein called ZNF638 can trigger an antiviral immune response, making immune checkpoint inhibitors more effective. This process, called viral mimicry, tricks the body into thinking the tumor is infected, prompting an immune attack. Previous immunotherapy attempts for glioblastoma have failed, but this study suggests a new way forward.
A New Hope for Glioblastoma Treatment
Glioblastoma, one of the most challenging cancers to treat, has resisted even the latest advancements in immunotherapy. However, new research from the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine offers a promising breakthrough.
Scientists found that suppressing a protein called ZNF638 can trigger an antiviral immune response, making immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) more effective. This discovery not only suggests a potential new treatment strategy but also identifies ZNF638 as a biomarker, which could help tailor immunotherapy to individual patients. The findings were published today (March 17) in the Journal of Clinical Investigation.
Why Glioblastoma Is So Difficult to Treat
Glioblastoma is the most common brain tumor in adults, with approximately 12,000 cases diagnosed annually in the United States. Despite its prevalence, treatment outcomes have barely improved over the past two decades. The tumor’s highly immunosuppressive environment, variability between patients, and the physical challenges of brain surgery make it exceptionally difficult to treat.
“Brain tumors are one of the most formidable foes in medicine,” said Ashish H. Shah, M.D., senior author of the study, and a neurosurgeon and researcher at Sylvester. “Our current treatment options are simply insufficient.”
Immune Checkpoint Inhibition: A Missed Opportunity?
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized treatment for many cancers, but their success in glioblastoma has been limited due to the tumor’s strongly immunosuppressive environment. “For many other cancers, immunotherapies have completely changed the field, but for brain tumors, we haven’t seen that same improvement,” Shah said. “At least, not yet.”
Learning what could make immune checkpoint therapies more effective, or effective at all, for glioblastoma patients is critical for understanding how to treat patients best. According to Shah’s new study, viral mimicry may be the answer.
Viral Mimicry: A Revolutionary Approach
Viral mimicry, a tool at the leading edge of cancer treatment, may be the key path forward in making immune checkpoint inhibition effective for treating glioblastoma.
The goal of viral mimicry is to trick the body into thinking the tumor has a viral infection, prompting an immune response. Over millions of years, the human genome has collected fragments of viruses called human endogenous retroviruses. Most of the time, our body silences these retroviral genes through various mechanisms, particularly the HUSH protein complex. In viral mimicry, clinicians trigger the patient’s body to “un-silence” these inactive viral fragments. These ancient fragments are not strong enough to cause a real viral infection, but they still trigger an anti-viral immune response. That antiviral response can make tumors more susceptible to immunotherapies.
“We’re using evolution to attack tumors,” Shah said. Viral mimicry was first successfully used to make ovarian cancer more susceptible to ICI in 2015. It has since been used in at least four other cancers, and it’s a rapidly developing area of research. However, it had not been successfully applied to brain tumors until Shah’s new work.
Un-Silencing Ancient Viruses to Fight Cancer
The question for Shah and his team, then, was how they could use viral mimicry to make immune checkpoint inhibitors work for glioblastoma. For that, they turned to ZNF638, a key regulator of the group of proteins that keep retroviruses silent. By suppressing ZNF638 in the tumor, they might create a viral mimicry response, opening the doors to immune checkpoint inhibitors effectively treating glioblastoma at last.
The researchers first searched cancer databases, documenting associations between ZNF638 and immune-related factors such as immune cell infiltration. They analyzed glioblastoma patients’ genetic data and found that patients who were more responsive to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy naturally had lower expressions of ZNF638 and higher survival rates. Cell-based experiments and single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that tumors with low ZNF638 tended to have more immune cell infiltration, and the monitoring system for retroviruses was active. This ZNF638-antiviral connection was seen in published patient data, too. It was possible that targeting ZNF638 could create “viral mimicry” conditions in tumors.
Promising Results: A Path Forward
Armed with these results, the researchers tested the impacts of suppressing ZNF638 in preclinical tests, targeting it only in the tumor cells and leaving healthy brain tissue untouched. Combining ZNF638 targeting with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy improved the treatment’s efficacy: ZNF638 suppression had decreased tumor growth, increased T-cell lymphocyte infiltration, and improved survival times.
“The most surprising findings were in the clinical data, where patients with low ZNF638 expression had improved responses to immunotherapy,” said Jay Chandar, a fourth-year medical student in Shah’s lab and study co-author. “That strongly supported our whole idea that knocking down ZNF638 would make tumors more susceptible to immunotherapy.”
“With previous trials using ICI to treat glioblastoma having largely failed, it’s exciting to find a novel therapeutic target and see that viral mimicry could help,” said Deepa Seetharam, Ph.D., a postdoctoral scholar in the Department of Neurosurgery and study co-author. “I’m optimistic this could improve prognoses for glioblastoma patients.”
Personalized Medicine & Future Possibilities
The promising results point to the potential for ZNF638 to be a biomarker, shaping personalized treatment plans. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are not currently approved for treating glioblastoma, so previous patients have been on a case-by-case basis, Shah said. Using ZNF638 as a biomarker could help change that by predicting which patients would likely be responsive to ICI therapy.
While a novel biomarker is the most immediate outcome, the long-term goal remains developing a brain-penetrating drug to target ZNF638 in glioblastoma, allowing ICI to be used effectively to treat more patients.
“Then we’ll really be changing the game,” Shah said. “A synergistic treatment like that is the future of immunotherapy in treating glioblastoma.”
Reference: “Activating Antiviral Immune Responses Potentiates Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Glioblastoma Models” 17 March 2025, Journal of Clinical Investigation.
DOI: 10.1172/JCI183745
This work was funded in part by NIH NCI (1R21CA282543), Elsa Pardee Foundation (PARDEE-2024-01), NIH NCI K12 Calabresi Award (2K12CA226330-06), UM American Cancer Society Intramural Funding (ACSP-2023-01), Florida Center for Brain Tumor Research (FCBTR-2022-01), NREF (NREF-2022-01), NIH NCI (1R01NS110703-01A1), NIH NCI (1U19CA264338-01), NIH NCI P30CA240139, Dwoskin Family Fund, and Vivex Foundational Grant.
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