Brain Cancer Breakthrough: Glioblastoma Therapy Doubles Down on Tumor Destruction

An illustration of oncolytic virus and an anti-PD-1 antibody working together to defeat cancer cells. An international study led by neurosurgeons at the University Health Network in Toronto reveals a novel therapy for glioblastoma that combines an oncolytic virus injection into the tumor with intravenous immunotherapy. The Phase 1/2 clinical trial demonstrates the therapy’s safety, effectiveness, and evidence of prolonged survival in select patients. Furthermore, researchers identified a genetic signature that could potentially predict patients most likely to respond to this treatment. This innovative therapy offers a “double hit” to tumors, causing direct cancer cell death and stimulating local immune activity, making the cancer cells more vulnerable to targeted immunotherapy. Credit: Tal Bavli

A groundbreaking new study introduces a promising therapy for glioblastoma that combines oncolytic virus injections into tumors with intravenous immunotherapy. The treatment, which is safe and effective, demonstrated prolonged survival for select patients and a genetic signature that may predict who is most likely to respond.

A new international study published today (May 15) in the journal Nature Medicine and presented as a late-breaking abstract at the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) annual conference, shows great promise for patients with glioblastoma.

Drs. Farshad Nassiri and Gelareh Zadeh, neurosurgeons at the University Health Network (UHN) in Toronto, published the results of a Phase 1/2 clinical trial investigating the safety and effectiveness of a novel therapy that combines the injection of an oncolytic virus – a virus that targets and kills cancer cells — directly into the tumor, with intravenous immunotherapy.

The authors found that this novel combination therapy can eradicate the tumor in select patients, with evidence of prolonged survival.

Investigative work by the authors also revealed a new genetic signature within tumor samples that has the potential to predict which patients with glioblastoma are most likely to respond to treatment.

“The initial clinical trial results are promising,” says Dr. Zadeh, who is also Co-Director of the Krembil Brain Institute and a Senior Scientist at the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre. “We are cautiously optimistic about the long-term clinical benefits for patients.”

This study has been a five-year journey for Drs. Farshad Nassiri (L) and Gelareh Zadeh (R). Credit: UHN

Glioblastoma is a notoriously difficult-to-treat primary brain cancer. Despite aggressive treatment, which typically involves surgical removal of the tumor and multiple chemotherapy drugs, the cancer often returns, at which point treatment options are limited.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors are effective treatments for a variety of cancers, but they have had limited success in treating recurrent glioblastoma. This novel therapy involves the combination of an oncolytic virus and immune checkpoint inhibition, using an anti-PD-1 antibody as a targeted immunotherapy.

First, the team delivered the virus by accurately localizing the tumor using stereotactic techniques and injecting the virus through a small hole and a purpose-built catheter. Then, patients received an anti-PD-1 antibody intravenously, every three weeks, starting one week after surgery.

“These drugs work by preventing cancer’s ability to evade the body’s natural immune response, so they have little benefit when the tumor is immunologically inactive—as is the case in glioblastoma,” explains Dr. Zadeh.

“Oncolytic viruses can overcome this limitation by creating a more favorable tumor microenvironment, which then helps to boost anti-tumor immune responses.”

The combination of the oncolytic virus and immune-checkpoint inhibition results in a ‘double hit’ to tumors; the virus directly causes cancer cell death, but also stimulates local immune activity causing inflammation, leaving the cancer cells more vulnerable to targeted immunotherapy.

Dr. Zadeh and colleagues evaluated the innovative therapy in 49 patients with recurrent disease, from 15 hospital sites across North America.

UHN, which is the largest research and teaching hospital in Canada and the only Canadian institution involved in the study, treated the majority of the patients enrolled in the trial.

The results, published in Nature Medicine, show that this combination therapy is safe, well tolerated, and prolongs patient survival. The therapy had no major unexpected adverse effects and yielded a median survival of 12.5 months—considerably longer than the six to eight months typically seen with existing therapies.

“We’re very encouraged by these results,” says Dr. Farshad Nassiri, first author of the study and a senior neurosurgery resident at the University of Toronto. “Over half of our patients achieved a clinical benefit — stable disease or better — and we saw some remarkable responses with tumors shrinking, and some even disappearing completely. Three patients remain alive at 45, 48, and 60 months after starting the clinical trial.”

“The findings of the study are particularly meaningful as the patients in the trial did not have tumor resection at recurrence — only injection of the virus — which is a novel treatment approach for glioblastoma. So, it’s really remarkable to see these responses,” says Dr. Zadeh.

“We believe the key to our success was delivering the virus directly into the tumor prior to using systemic immunotherapy. Our results clearly signal that this can be a safe and effective approach,” adds Dr. Nassiri. 

The team also performed experiments to define mutations, gene expression, and immune features of each patient’s tumor. They discovered key immune features which could eventually help clinicians predict treatment responses and understand the mechanisms of glioblastoma resistance.

“In general, the drugs that are used in cancer treatment do not work for every patient, but we believe there is a subpopulation of glioblastoma patients that will respond well to this treatment,” says Dr. Zadeh. “I believe this translational work, combining basic bench science and clinical trials, is key to moving personalized treatments for glioblastoma forward.”

This is one of the few clinical trials with favorable results for glioblastoma over the last decade, and it was truly a team effort. 

“The trial would not have been possible without our incredible OR teams, research safety teams, and researchers — including Dr. Warren Mason and his team at Princess Margaret Cancer Centre — and our brave patients and their families. We’re also grateful to the Wilkins Family for providing the funds to enable us to complete trials that advance care for our patients,” says Dr. Zadeh. 

The next steps for the group are to test the effectiveness of the combination therapy against other treatments in a randomized clinical trial.

“We are encouraged by these results, but there is still a lot of work ahead of us,” says Dr. Nassiri. “Our goal, as always, is to help our patients. That’s what motivates us to continue this research.” 

Reference: “Oncolytic DNX-2401 virotherapy plus pembrolizumab in recurrent glioblastoma: a phase 1/2 trial” by Farshad Nassiri, Vikas Patil, Leeor S. Yefet, Olivia Singh, Jeff Liu, Rachel M. A. Dang, Takafumi N. Yamaguchi, Mariza Daras, Timothy F. Cloughesy, Howard Colman, Priya U. Kumthekar, Clark C. Chen, Robert Aiken, Morris D. Groves, Shirley S. Ong, Rohan Ramakrishna, Michael A. Vogelbaum, Simon Khagi, Thomas Kaley, Jason M. Melear, David M. Peereboom, Analiz Rodriguez, Maxim Yankelevich, Suresh G. Nair, Vinay K. Puduvalli, Kenneth Aldape, Andrew Gao, Álvaro López-Janeiro, Carlos E. de Andrea, Marta M. Alonso, Paul Boutros, Joan Robbins, Warren P. Mason, Adam M. Sonabend, Roger Stupp, Juan Fueyo, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, Frederick F. Lang and Gelareh Zadeh, 15 May 2023, Nature Medicine.
DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02347-y

This work was supported by the DNATrix Inc., Merck & Co. Inc., UHN Foundation and the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre Foundation. Dr. Gelareh Zadeh is a Professor in the Department of Surgery at the University of Toronto and holds the Dan Family Chair in Neurosurgery and the Wilkins Family Chair in Neurological Brain Tumour Research.