Using Suzaku’s X-ray telescopes to make 84 observations of the Perseus Cluster, researchers discovered that most of the universe’s heavy elements, including the iron central to life itself, were already widely dispersed throughout the universe when the cluster began to form, suggesting supernova explosions and active black holes played a lead role in this distribution.
Most of the universe’s heavy elements, including the iron central to life itself, formed early in cosmic history and spread throughout the universe, according to a new study of the Perseus Galaxy Cluster using Japan’s Suzaku satellite.
Between 2009 and 2011, researchers from the Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (KIPAC), jointly run by Stanford University and the Department of Energy’s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in California, used Suzaku’s unique capabilities to map the distribution of iron throughout the Perseus Galaxy Cluster.
What they found is remarkable: Across the cluster, which spans more than 11 million light-years of space, the concentration of X-ray-emitting iron is essentially uniform in all directions.
“This tells us that the iron – and by extension other heavy elements – already was widely dispersed throughout the universe when the cluster began to form,” said KIPAC astrophysicist Norbert Werner, the study’s lead researcher. “We conclude that any explanation of how this happened demands lead roles for supernova explosions and active black holes.”
The most profligate iron producers are type Ia supernovae, which occur either when white dwarf stars merge or otherwise acquire so much mass that they become unstable and explode. According to the Suzaku observations, the total amount of iron contained in the gas filling the cluster amounts to 50 billion times the mass of our sun, with about 60 percent of that found in the cluster’s outer half.
The team estimates that at least 40 billion type Ia supernovae contributed to the chemical “seeding” of the space that later became the Perseus Galaxy Cluster.
Making the iron is one thing, while distributing it evenly throughout the region where the cluster formed is quite another. The researchers suggest that everything came together during one specific period of cosmic history.
Between about 10 and 12 billion years ago, the universe was forming stars as fast as it ever has. Abundant supernovae accompany periods of intense star formation, and the rapid-fire explosions drove galaxy-scale outflows. At the same time, supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies were at their most active, rapidly accreting gas and releasing large amounts of energy, some of which drove powerful jets. Together, these galactic “winds” blew the chemical products of supernovae out of their host galaxies and into the wider cosmos.
Sometime later, in the regions of space with the largest matter densities, galaxy clusters formed, scooping up and mixing together the cosmic debris from regions millions of light-years across.
“If our scenario is correct, then essentially all galaxy clusters with masses similar to the Perseus Cluster should show similar iron concentrations and smooth distributions far from the center,” said co-author Ondrej Urban, also at KIPAC.
Galaxy clusters contain hundreds to thousands of galaxies, as well as enormous quantities of diffuse gas and dark matter, bound together by their collective gravitational pull.
New gas entering the cluster falls toward its center, eventually moving fast enough to generate shock waves that heat the infalling gas. In the Perseus Cluster, gas temperatures reach as high as 180 million degrees Fahrenheit (100 million C), so hot that the atoms are almost completely stripped of their electrons and emit X-rays.
The Perseus Galaxy Cluster, which is located about 250 million light-years away and named for its host constellation, is the brightest extended X-ray source beyond our own galaxy, and the brightest and closest cluster for which Suzaku has attempted to map outlying gas.
The team used Suzaku’s X-ray telescopes to make 84 observations of the Perseus Cluster, resulting in radial maps along eight different directions. Thanks to the sensitivity of the spacecraft’s instruments, the researchers could measure the iron distribution of faint gas in the cluster’s outermost reaches, where new gas continues to fall into it.
The findings are published in the October 31 issue of the journal Nature.
Suzaku (Japanese for “red bird of the south”) was launched as Astro-E2 on July 10, 2005, and renamed in orbit. The observatory was developed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency’s Institute of Space and Astronautical Science in collaboration with NASA and other Japanese and U.S. institutions. NASA Goddard supplied Suzaku’s X-ray telescopes and data-processing software and continues to operate a facility that supports U.S. astronomers who use the spacecraft.
Reference: “A uniform metal distribution in the intergalactic medium of the Perseus cluster of galaxies” by Norbert Werner, Ondrej Urban, Aurora Simionescu and Steven W. Allen, 30 October 2013, Nature.
DOI: 10.1038/nature12646
arXiv:1310.7948
Never miss a breakthrough: Join the SciTechDaily newsletter.
Follow us on Google and Google News.
2 Comments
The distribution of iron is already there in our solar system by way of asteroids and comets. Moreover, the core of the terrestrial planets which are all spherical in structure should have a hot core to balloon it to blow into a sphere and essentially carries iron in its mantle spread over. I have already held the hypothesis that all the iron content and heavier elements should have been created as an extra-planetary source.This article states that formation of iron and other heavier elements formed in the beginning of the universe itself say 12 billion years ago from the galactic clusters formed which exploded sending these elements to outer space. The immense heat of hydrogen gas in the primordial universe as 100 million degree Celcius is enough to cook them all.You have X-ray evidence from these very very hot gases of galactic cluster in formation and explosion. Thank You.
The clearest evidence yetthat there was no ‘Big Bang’ or other such single event that created the universe. The universe is uniform in distribution of elements because that is how it has always been… uniformly recycling material and energy perpetually without beginning or end; A churning, seething soup of randomness upon which we should not impose human limitations.