Alzheimer’s Disease Risk 50–80% Higher in Older Adults Who Caught COVID-19

Older people who had a COVID-19 infection show a considerably higher risk—as much as 50% to 80% higher than a control group—of developing Alzheimer’s disease within a year. This is according to a new research study of more than 6 million patients aged 65 and older.

Researchers report that people 65 and older who contracted COVID-19 were substantially more likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease in the year following their COVID diagnosis. Furthermore, the highest risk was observed in women at least 85 years old. The study was published on September 13, 2022, in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 

According to the findings, the risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease in older people nearly doubled (0.35% to 0.68%) over a one-year period following COVID infection. It is unclear whether COVID-19 triggers new development of Alzheimer’s disease or accelerates its emergence, the researchers said.

Inflammation and Infections in Alzheimer’s Development

“The factors that play into the development of Alzheimer’s disease have been poorly understood, but two pieces considered important are prior infections, especially viral infections, and inflammation,” said Pamela Davis, the study’s coauthor. She is a Distinguished University Professor and The Arline H. and Curtis F. Garvin Research Professor at the Case Western Reserve School of Medicine.

“Since infection with SARS-CoV2 has been associated with central nervous system abnormalities including inflammation, we wanted to test whether, even in the short term, COVID could lead to increased diagnoses,” she said.

For the study, the research team analyzed the anonymous electronic health records of 6.2 million adults 65 and older in the United States with no prior diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease who received medical treatment between February 2020 and May 2021.

They then divided this population into two groups. One was composed of people who contracted COVID-19 during that period, and the other group contained people who had no documented cases of COVID-19. More than 400,000 people were enrolled in the COVID study group, while 5.8 million were in the non-infected group.

Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease and Long-Term Care

“If this increase in new diagnoses of Alzheimer’s disease is sustained, the wave of patients with a disease currently without a cure will be substantial, and could further strain our long-term care resources,” Davis said. “Alzheimer’s disease is a serious and challenging disease, and we thought we had turned some of the tide on it by reducing general risk factors such as hypertension, heart disease, obesity and a sedentary lifestyle. Now, so many people in the U.S. have had COVID and the long-term consequences of COVID are still emerging. It is important to continue to monitor the impact of this disease on future disability.”

Rong Xu, the study’s corresponding author is professor of Biomedical Informatics at the School of Medicine and director of the Center for AI in Drug Discovery. She said the research team plans to continue studying the effects of COVID-19 on Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders—especially which subpopulations may be more vulnerable—and the potential to repurpose FDA-approved drugs to treat COVID’s long-term effects.

Previous COVID-related research led by CWRU have found that people with dementia are twice as likely to contract COVID; those with substance abuse disorder orders are more likely to contract COVID; and that 5% of people who took Paxlovid for treatment of COVID symptoms experienced rebound infections within a month.

Reference: “Association of COVID-19 with New-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease” by Lindsey Wang, Pamela B. Davis, Nora D. Volkow, Nathan A. Berger, David C. Kaelber, Rong Xu, 13 September 2022, Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease.
DOI: 10.3233/JAD-220717

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