As Arctic permafrost thaws at unprecedented rates, it releases significant amounts of dangerous mercury, posing a serious threat to the food chain and the communities reliant on it. Scientists from USC Dornsife have developed an improved method for evaluating this risk.
The Yukon River flows west across Alaska toward the Bering Sea, eroding Arctic permafrost along its banks and transporting sediment downstream. Within that sediment lurks a toxic stowaway: mercury.
As the Arctic warms with climate change, heating up to four times faster than the global average, mercury sequestered in the permafrost for millennia is being eroded by rivers and released into the environment.
In a recent study, researchers at the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences introduced a more accurate method to measure the amount of mercury released from permafrost by the river and estimate the total mercury awaiting release.
The toxic metal poses an environmental and health threat to the 5 million people living in the Arctic zone, more than 3 million of whom live in areas where permafrost is expected to vanish altogether by 2050.
“There could be this giant mercury bomb in the Arctic waiting to explode,” says study co-author Josh West, professor of Earth sciences and environmental studies at USC Dornsife. Mercury moves from air to ground to water
Mercury’s Journey: From Air to Permafrost
The planet’s natural atmospheric circulation tends to move pollutants toward high latitudes, which results in mercury accumulation in the Arctic, explains West. “Because of the way it behaves chemically, a lot of mercury pollution ends up in the Arctic. Permafrost has accumulated so much mercury that it could dwarf the amount in the oceans, soils, atmosphere and biosphere combined,” he said.
In the Arctic, plants absorb mercury, then die and become part of the soil, which eventually freezes into permafrost. Over thousands of years, mercury concentrations build up in the frozen soil until it thaws, an increasingly common occurrence due to climate change.
The research team, which includes collaborators from Caltech, the Yukon River Inter-Tribal Watershed Council, MIT, and Delft University of Technology in Netherlands, focused their study around two northern villages in Alaska’s Yukon River Basin: Beaver, located about 100 miles north of Fairbanks; and Huslia, 250 miles west of Beaver.
Previous methods of estimating mercury levels, which used core samples from the top three meters (about 10 feet) of permafrost, varied up to fourfold and faced limitations due to the sampling depth.
Seeking greater accuracy, the USC Dornsife-led team analyzed mercury in sediments in riverbanks and sandbars, tapping into deeper soil layers. “The river can quickly mobilize large amounts of sediment containing mercury,” said Isabel Smith, a doctoral candidate at USC Dornsife and the study’s corresponding author.
The researchers found that mercury levels in sediments were consistent with the higher estimates from previous studies, confirming that sediment samples provide a reliable measure of mercury content and offer deeper insight into the permafrost’s hidden dangers.
Remote Sensing and Sediment Erosion
Additionally, the team used remote sensing data from satellites to monitor how fast the Yukon River is changing course, which naturally alters over time. These changes in the river’s path are significant because they affect how much mercury-laden sediments are eroded from riverbanks and deposited along sandbars. Understanding these dynamic shifts is crucial, as it helps researchers predict the movement of mercury.
Interestingly, sediments with finer grains contained more mercury than those with coarse grains, suggesting specific soil types that may pose greater risks.
“Taking into account all of these factors should give us a more accurate estimate of the total mercury that could be released as permafrost continues to melt over the next few decades,” Smith said.
How much havoc could mercury wreak?
While the environmental mercury released from melting permafrost doesn’t pose an acute toxic threat today, its effects build over time. Exposure increases as the metal accumulates in the food chain, especially through fish and game that humans consume.
West notes that risk of contamination through drinking water is minimal. “We’re not facing a situation like Flint, Michigan,” he says. “Most human exposure to mercury comes through diet.”
The researchers also emphasize that even though the river erodes banks and mobilizes mercury-laden sediments, it also redeposits those sediments on sand bars and on beaches along the banks.
“There’s another layer of complexity here,” West says. “The rivers are reburying a considerable amount of the mercury. To really get a handle on how much of a threat the mercury poses, we have to understand both the erosion and reburial processes.”
Still, the long-term effects could be devastating, particularly for Arctic communities dependent on hunting and fishing.
“Decades of exposure, especially with increasing levels as more mercury is released, could take a huge toll on the environment and the health of those living in these areas,” Smith said.
The researchers say they hope the tools they’ve developed will enable a more precise assessment of the “mercury bomb,” in hopes it might be diffused.
Reference: “Mercury stocks in discontinuous permafrost and their mobilization by river migration in the Yukon River Basin” by M Isabel Smith, Yutian Ke, Emily C Geyman, Jocelyn N Reahl, Madison M Douglas, Emily A Seelen, John S Magyar, Kieran B J Dunne, Edda A Mutter, Woodward W Fischer, Michael P Lamb and A Joshua West, 15 August 2024, Environmental Research Letters.
DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ad536e
The study was funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Geological Society of America, and the Resnick Sustainability Institute at Caltech.
Never miss a breakthrough: Join the SciTechDaily newsletter.
Follow us on Google and Google News.
5 Comments
“Exposure increases as the metal accumulates in the food chain, especially through fish and game that humans consume.”
Except that methylmercury, the dominant risk, is very volatile. It has the same boiling point as water. The lab that I have worked with advised me that if I couldn’t get freshly-caught fish to them within 24-hours, that I should freeze it for an accurate determination of mercury content. It is unclear what happens with freeze-dried fish when the water is removed by sublimation. However, if it is cooked, and the vapors are vented outdoors, there is much less concern. I have documentation about a game warden in California, who was very found of striped bass, known to have high levels of methylmercury in the Sacramento River delta. He had eaten it frequently for most of his life. However, when his blood was tested for mercury, he did not have elevated levels. The thing is, fresh water fish frequently carry parasitic flatworms (Platyhelminthes), and only someone in the USA who is desperate will eat uncooked fish, unlike people in Minamata Bay (Japan) who have a cultural tradition of eating raw sea food — sashimi.
All raw seafood contains measurable quantities of methylmercury — and probably always has — and it concentrates as it moves up the food chain. Therefore, fish such as tuna, salmon, (and striped bass) routinely show high concentrations when raw fish are analyzed. Because methylmercury is produced by anaerobic bacteria attempting to clean their environment of mercury, it can be found in high concentrations in stagnant, oxygen-depleted water if metallic mercury or other mercury compounds are present. While the risk shouldn’t be ignored, I think the danger expressed in this article is overstated. However, he probably wouldn’t get research funding if he acknowledged that the risk could be mitigated by cooking.
How did the mercury get there in the first place? Geologically?
The oceans have hydrothermal vents that probably contribute the natural mercury found in androgynous fish like salmon. Some mercury comes from burning coal.
On land and in the rivers, some is natural and some has been introduced during gold mining. Therefore, it depends on where one is. In places like the San Francisco Bay Area, the South San Jose area was once an important source of mercury for the gold miners in the late-19th century (and commonly had high loss rates where used), and later for making things like thermometers and primers for munitions. The streams draining the area of the mines have abundant natural mercuric sulfide (cinnabar) and native mercury in the stream sediments. The same is true for local areas of of Alaska. While mercury vapor from burning coal spreads around the world, and can condense out, I would expect it to be most abundant near coal-fired power stations where the population densities are high, and an insignificant contributor in Alaska.
Uneducated artisanal gold miners, particularly in the Amazon Basin, think that mercury is necessary to capture gold. They are inadvertently contaminating their environment, but are at greatest personal risk from the concentrated mercury vapor when they extract the gold and allow the mercury vapor to escape. As I mentioned above, simply cooking fish significantly reduces the intake of methyl mercury. However, the vapors can be deadly from a single inadvertent exposure.
Even if these fear mongering are well intentioned, perhaps these are signs of the end of days as we see today experienced.
Sone porters are irreversible as they morph into chain reactions.
Move the Israelis over there then.