Trial compared the effect of ivermectin, fluvoxamine, and metformin in randomized double-blinded placebo- controlled trial.
Scientists have found that metformin, a commonly prescribed diabetes medication, lowers the odds of emergency department visits, hospitalizations, or death due to COVID-19 by over 40 percent; and over 50 percent if prescribed early in onset of symptoms. The study, which was published on August 18 in the New England Journal of Medicine, also found no positive effect from treatment with either ivermectin or low-dose fluvoxamine. The research was led by the University of Minnesota Medical School and School of Public Health.
“We are pleased to contribute to the body of knowledge around COVID-19 therapies in general, with treatments that are widely available,” said Carolyn Bramante, MD, principal investigator of the study. Bramante is an assistant professor of internal medicine and pediatrics at the U of M Medical School. “Our trial suggests that metformin may reduce the likelihood of needing to go to the emergency room or be hospitalized for COVID-19.”
Bramante noted that this was a secondary outcome of the trial. The primary outcome included whether someone had low oxygen on a home oxygen monitor. None of the medications in the trial prevented the primary outcome.
COVID-OUT Trial Design and Medications Tested
The COVID-OUT trial was the nation’s first to study whether metformin, a medication for type 2 diabetes; low-dose fluvoxamine, an antidepressant; and ivermectin, an antiparasitic, or their combinations could serve as possible treatments to prevent emergency department visits or hospitalization, as well as Long-COVID.
Dr. Carolyn Bramante from the University of Minnesota answers questions about COVID OUT. Credit: University of Minnesota Medical School
The study design was simple and straightforward. Patients were randomly assigned to receive one of the three drugs individually, placebo, or a combination of metformin and fluvoxamine or metformin and ivermectin. Even though the study was placebo-controlled with exact-matching placebo pills, Dr. Bramante says 83% of volunteers received medications supported by existing data because of the six-arm design. Each volunteer received 2 types of pills to keep their treatment assignment hidden, for 3 to 14 days of treatment. Each participant tracked their symptoms, and after 14 days, they completed a survey.
The 1,323 participants in the trial were limited to adults with a body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 25 kg/m2, which qualifies as overweight – for instance, someone who was at least five feet and six inches tall and weighed more than 155 pounds. To qualify for the study, participants voluntarily enrolled within three days after receiving a positive COVID-19 test. It was among the first randomized clinical trials for COVID-19 to include pregnant women.
The study included both those who were vaccinated against COVID-19 and those who were not. This is the first published trial where the majority of participants were vaccinated.
Metformin’s Success and Past Observational Studies
The clinical trial launched in January 2021 after U of M Medical School scientists identified, through computer modeling and observational studies, that outpatient metformin use appeared to decrease the likelihood of mortality from, or being hospitalized for, COVID-19. Their research, in partnership with UnitedHealth Group, was published in the Journal of Medical Virology and in The Lancet Healthy Longevity. Test-tube studies also found that metformin inhibited the Covid-19 virus in lab settings. These findings, along with additional prospective studies supporting the use of higher-dose fluvoxamine and ivermectin, provided the evidence to include all three medications as well as combination arms.
“Observational studies and in vitro experiments cannot be conclusive but do contribute to bodies of evidence,” said Bramante, who is also an internist and pediatrician with M Health Fairview. “To complete this study, we enrolled volunteers nationwide through six institutions in the U.S., including in Minneapolis.”
Reference: “Randomized Trial of Metformin, Ivermectin, and Fluvoxamine for Covid-19” by Carolyn T. Bramante, M.D., M.P.H.; Jared D. Huling, Ph.D.; Christopher J. Tignanelli, M.D.; John B. Buse, M.D., Ph.D.; David M. Liebovitz, M.D.; Jacinda M. Nicklas, M.D., M.P.H.; Kenneth Cohen, M.D.; Michael A. Puskarich, M.D.; Hrishikesh K. Belani, M.D.; M.P.H., Jennifer L. Proper, B.S.; Lianne K. Siegel, Ph.D.; Nichole R. Klatt, Ph.D.; David J. Odde, Ph.D.; Darlette G. Luke, Pharm.D.; Blake Anderson, M.D.; Amy B. Karger, M.D., Ph.D.; Nicholas E. Ingraham, M.D.; Katrina M. Hartman, B.A.; Via Rao, M.S.; Aubrey A. Hagen, B.A.; Barkha Patel, M.S.; Sarah L. Fenno, M.P.H.; Nandini Avula, B.S.; Neha V. Reddy, B.S.; Spencer M. Erickson, B.A.; Sarah Lindberg, M.P.H.; Regina Fricton, B.A.; Samuel Lee, B.S.; Adnin Zaman, M.D.; Hanna G. Saveraid, Walker J. Tordsen, B.A.; Matthew F. Pullen, M.D.; Michelle Biros, M.D.; Nancy E. Sherwood, Ph.D.; Jennifer L. Thompson, M.D.; David R. Boulware, M.D., M.P.H. and Thomas A. Murray, Ph.D. for the COVID-OUT Trial Team, 18 August 2022, New England Journal of Medicine.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2201662
Participating clinical trial sites included M Health Fairview and Hennepin Healthcare in Minneapolis, Northwestern University in Chicago, Olive View – UCLA Education & Research Institute in Los Angeles, Optum in Colorado and Indiana, and University of Colorado Denver. Co-investigators on the study include Jared Huling, PhD; Thomas Murray, PhD; Hrishikesh Belani, MD; Michelle Biros, MD; David Boulware, MD; David Leibovitz, MD; Jacinda Nicklas, MD; David Odde, PhD; Matt Pullen, MD; Mike Puskarich, MD; John Buse, MD, PhD; Jennifer Thompson, MD; and Christopher Tignanelli, MD.
The trial received monetary support from the Parsemus Foundation, Rainwater Charitable Foundation, Fast Grants, and UnitedHealth Group.
In addition, this research was supported by the National Institutes of Health’s National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, grants UL1TR002494 and KL2TR002492, and the National Institute of Digestive, Diabetes, and Kidney diseases K23 DK124654. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health’s National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences.
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7 Comments
ivermectin? hydroxychloroquine?
they said that they were worthless. Read the article.
None of the three medications that were evaluated prevented the occurrence of hypoxemia, an emergency department visit, hospitalization, or death associated with Covid-19. (Funded by the Parsemus Foundation and others; COVID-OUT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04510194
You also need to read the article. Hydroxychloroquine was not in it.
I got prescribed hydroxychloroquine when I had COVID, and I didn’t notice it helping at all. I had it mild to begin with, but still. Neither of those come anywhere close to being as helpful as getting vaccinated, assuming your immune system is strong enough to trigger a response.
Curious as to the dosages and durations used for each medication.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2201662