Smoking while wearing a surgical mask doubles exhaled carbon monoxide and impaired blood vessel function.
Smoking either traditional or non-combustible cigarettes while wearing a surgical mask results in a doubling in exhaled carbon monoxide and impaired blood vessel function compared to non-mask periods. That’s the finding of research published today (July 7, 2022) in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, a journal of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).
Author Professor Ignatios Ikonomidis of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece said: “The study suggests that smoking any tobacco product has become even more hazardous during the COVID-19 pandemic because of the need to wear a mask for long hours. Prior research has shown that impaired vascular function is linked with heart problems and premature death.”
Mask Use and Carbon Monoxide Exposure
This research focused on traditional (combustible) cigarettes and non-combustible cigarettes, also called “heat not burn” or “heated” tobacco products. Non-combustible cigarettes contain tobacco that is electronically heated to a lower temperature than a combusted cigarette, delivering an inhalable aerosol containing nicotine. Electronic cigarettes (also called e-cigarettes or vaping), which electronically heat a liquid containing nicotine to create an aerosol that is inhaled, were not included in the study.
The scientists examined the levels of exhaled carbon monoxide in smokers while wearing a mask during working hours and compared it to carbon monoxide levels during days off without a mask. In a second step, the researchers investigated whether the change in carbon monoxide exposure was accompanied by impaired blood vessel function.
40 smokers of conventional cigarettes, 40 exclusive heat-not-burn cigarette users, and 40 non-smokers with similar age and sex who were medical personnel in a university hospital were included in the study. Individuals with known cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, dyslipidemia, or atrial fibrillation were excluded as these conditions may affect vascular function.
Exhaled carbon monoxide after a deep breath and markers of vascular function (pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, and central systolic blood pressure) were measured by the scientists. Baseline assessments were done early in the morning after sleeping without a mask to obtain values after a long period without smoking. Participants were randomized to a second assessment after either an eight-hour shift wearing a mask or eight hours off without a mask. They then crossed over to a third assessment after either eight hours off with no mask or eight hours working with a mask.
Higher Carbon Monoxide and Vascular Impairment
The average age of participants was 45 years and 72% were women. A similar number of combustible or non-combustible cigarettes were smoked during mask and non-mask periods. In conventional cigarette smokers, exhaled carbon monoxide increased from 8.00 parts per million (ppm) at baseline to 12.15 ppm with no mask and 17.45 ppm with a mask. In non-combustible cigarette smokers, exhaled carbon monoxide increased from 1.15 ppm at baseline to 1.43 ppm with no mask and 2.20 ppm with a mask. Among non-smokers, exhaled carbon monoxide did not differ between the baseline, non-mask, and mask periods.
In both combustible and non-combustible cigarette smokers, all vascular markers were higher while wearing a mask compared to no mask. In non-smokers, there were no differences in vascular markers between the three periods.
Professor Ikonomidis said: “Compared to smokers of combustible cigarettes, non-combustible cigarette users had lower baseline carbon monoxide levels and smaller increases in vascular damage while wearing a mask. Nevertheless, the findings show that smoking any tobacco product while wearing a mask may further impair blood vessel function compared to non-mask periods, at least partly due to greater re-inhalation of carbon monoxide and/or vapor rich in nicotine. The results provide even more impetus for all smokers to kick the habit.”
Reference: “The effect of smoking on exhaled carbon monoxide and arterial elasticity during prolonged surgical mask use in the COVID-19 era” by Ignatios Ikonomidis, Konstantinos Katogiannis, Kallirhoe Kourea, Kostelli Gavriella, Damianos Tsilivarakis, Vaia Lambadiari, Dimitrios Kouretas and Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai, 7 July 2022, European Journal of Preventive Cardiology.
DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwac101
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