Mars Is Covered in Toxic Dust – And It’s a Serious Threat to Human Exploration

Mars might be a thrilling destination, but its dust could be deadly.

A team of scientists warns that long-term exposure to Martian dust could harm future astronauts’ lungs, thyroids, and more. Packed with toxic compounds like silicates and perchlorates, the dust is small enough to bypass our body’s defenses and enter the bloodstream. Drawing on rover data and meteorite analysis, researchers say now is the time to develop filters, supplements, and preventive measures before humans ever set foot on the Red Planet.

Hidden Hazards in Martian Dust

Don’t breathe in the dust on Mars.

That’s the key message from new research led by scientists from the University of Colorado Boulder and several other institutions. The study suggests that long-term exposure to Martian dust could pose serious health risks for future astronauts, including chronic respiratory issues, thyroid dysfunction, and other medical problems.

Published in the journal GeoHealth, the research offers the most comprehensive analysis to date of the chemical makeup of Martian dust and its potential effects on human health. The interdisciplinary team included experts in medicine, geology, and aerospace engineering.

“This isn’t the most dangerous part about going to Mars,” said Justin Wang, lead author of the study and a student in the Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. “But dust is a solvable problem, and it’s worth putting in the effort to develop Mars-focused technologies for preventing these health problems in the first place.”

Learning from Apollo’s Dusty Legacy

Wang, a CU Boulder alumnus, noted that Apollo-era astronauts experienced runny eyes and irritated throats after inhaling dust from the moon. Apollo 17’s Harrison Schmitt likened the symptoms to hay fever.

But scientists know a lot less about the potential harms of Martian dust. To begin to answer that question, Wang and his colleagues drew on data from rovers on Mars and even Martian meteorites to better understand what makes up the planet’s dust. The group discovered a “laundry list” of chemical compounds that could be dangerous for people—at least when inhaled in large quantities and over long periods of time.

Dust Storms and Surface Dangers

They include minerals rich in silicates and iron oxides, metals like beryllium and arsenic, and a particularly nasty class of compounds called perchlorates.

In many cases, those ingredients are present in only trace amounts in Mars dust. But the first human explorers on Mars may spend around a year and a half on the surface, increasing their exposure, said study co-author Brian Hynek.

“You’re going to get dust on your spacesuits, and you’re going to have to deal with regular dust storms,” said Hynek, a geologist at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) at CU Boulder. “We really need to characterize this dust so that we know what the hazards are.”

How Dust Enters the Body

One thing is clear, he added: Mars is a dusty place.

Much of the planet is covered in a thick layer of dust rich in tiny particles of iron, which gives the planet its famous red color. Swirling dust storms are common and, in some cases, can engulf the entire globe.

“We think there could be 10 meters of dust sitting on top of the bigger volcanoes,” said Hynek, a professor in the Department of Geological Sciences. “If you tried to land a spacecraft there, you’re going to just sink into the dust.”

From Stargazer to Surgeon

Wang found his own way to Martian dust through a unique academic path. He started medical school after earning bachelor’s degrees from CU Boulder in astronomy and molecular, cellular, and developmental biology, followed by a master’s degree in aerospace engineering sciences. He currently serves in the Navy through its Health Professions Scholarship Program.

He noted that the biggest problem with Martian dust comes down to its size. Estimates suggest that the average size of dust grains on Mars may be as little as 3 micrometers across, or roughly one-ten-thousandth of an inch.

“That’s smaller than what the mucus in our lungs can expel,” Wang said. “So after we inhale Martian dust, a lot of it could remain in our lungs and be absorbed into our bloodstream.”

Silica, Perchlorates, and Health Risks

In the current study, Wang and several of his fellow medical students at USC scoured research papers to unearth the potential toxicological effects of the ingredients in Martian dust.

Some of what they found resembled common health problems on Earth. Dust on Mars, for example, contains large amounts of the compound silica, which is abundant in minerals on our own planet. People who inhale a lot of silica, such as glass blowers, can develop a condition known as silicosis. Their lung tissue becomes scarred, making it hard to breath—symptoms similar to the “black lung” disease that coal miners often contract. Currently, there is no cure for silicosis.

In other cases, the potential health consequences are much less well-known.

Martian dust carries large quantities of highly oxidizing compounds called perchlorates, which are made up of one chlorine and multiple oxygen atoms. Perchlorates are rare on Earth, but some evidence suggests that they can interfere with human thyroid function, leading to severe anemia. Even inhaling a few milligrams of perchlorates in Martian dust could be dangerous for astronauts.

Planning Ahead for Mars Missions

Wang noted that the best time to prepare for the health risks of Martian dust is before humans ever make it to the planet. Iodine supplements, for example, would boost astronauts’ thyroid function, potentially counteracting the toll of perchlorates—although taking too much iodine can also, paradoxically, lead to thyroid disease. Filters specifically designed to screen out Martian dust could also help to keep the air in living spaces clean.

“Prevention is key. We tell everyone to go see their primary care provider to check your cholesterol before it gives you a heart attack,” Wang said. “The best thing we can do on Mars is make sure the astronauts aren’t exposed to dust in the first place.”

Reference: “Potential Health Impacts, Treatments, and Countermeasures of Martian Dust on Future Human Space Exploration” by Justin L. Wang, Jeremy J. Rosenbaum, Ajay N. Prasad, Robert R. Raad, Esther J. Putman, Andrea D. Harrington, Haig Aintablian and Brian M. Hynek, 12 February 2025, GeoHealth.
DOI: 10.1029/2024GH001213

Co-authors of the current study include USC medical students Jeremy Rosenbaum, Ajay Prasad and Robert Raad; Esther Putnam, former graduate student in aerospace engineering sciences at CU Boulder now at SpaceX; Andrea Harrington at the NASA Johnson Space Center; and Haig Aintablian, director of the Space Medicine Program at the University of California, Los Angeles, also affiliated with SpaceX.

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